The Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic (Kyrgyz SSR; Kyrgyz: Кыргыз Советтик Социалисттик Республикасы Qyrghyz Sovettik Sotsialisttik Respublikasy; Russian: Киргизская Советская Социалистическая Республика Kirgizskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), also commonly known as the Kyrgyzstan and Soviet Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан, Советтик Кыргызстан Qyrghyzstan, Sovettik Qyrghyzstan) in the Kyrgyz language and as Kirghizia and Soviet Kirghizia (Russian: Киргизия, Советская Киргизия Kirgizia, Sovetskaya Kirgizia) in the Russian language, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1936 to 1991.

Landlocked and mountainous, it bordered Tajikistan and China to the south, Uzbekistan to the west and Kazakhstan to the north. The Kirghiz branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union governed the republic from 1936 until 1990.

On 30 October 1990, the Kirghiz SSR was renamed to the Socialist Republic of Kyrgyzstan; on 15 December, after declaring its state sovereignty, it was renamed again to the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. On 31 August 1991, it transformed into independent Kyrgyzstan.