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Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) is an organic substance that is involved in photosynthesis, notably as the principal CO
2 acceptor in plants.: 2 It is a colourless anion, a double phosphate ester of the ketopentose (ketone-containing sugar with five carbon atoms) called ribulose. Salts of RuBP can be isolated, but its crucial biological function happens in solution. RuBP occurs not only in plants but in all domains of life, including Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

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Renmin University of China, often referred to as RUC (simplified Chinese: 中国人民大学; traditional Chinese: 中國人民大學; pinyin: Zhōngguó Rénmín Dàxué), or colloquially Renda (Chinese: 人大; pinyin: Réndà), is a public research university located in Haidian District of Beijing. RUC is classified as a Class A university under the Double First Class University Plan and is also funded by Project 985, Project 211 and is considered the most prestigious University for humanities and social sciences in China. According to the latest evaluation by the Chinese ministry of education RUC ranked No.1 among all Chinese Universities for 9 disciplines which include Theoretical economics, Applied economics, law & legal studies, Political science, Sociology, Journalism, Statistics, Business management and Public administration. The University is generally considered one of the most competitive in the country as it only admits students whose national entrance examination score ranks the top 0.1% in each province/state.RUC is also entitled 25 national key disciplines (ranks No.5 of China), 13 national key research bases of humanities and social sciences (ranks No.1 of China), and 6 national teaching and research bases of fundamental arts disciplines (ranks No.1 of China).

According to the 2021 QS World University by Subject, the university was ranked among the top 40 in the world for Philosophy, top 80 in social sciences and management and top 51 in legal studies and law. According to the Financial Times, the Renmin Business School is considered as the top 50 business schools in the world, with its global MBA ranked 38th in the world, Executive MBA ranked 43rd, and its Executive Education ranked 11th in the world (the best in Asia).

INFO: Full form for UICG is Unión Internacional de Ciencias Geológicas in Academic & Science category
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In telecommunication, a transponder is a device that, upon receiving a signal, emits a different signal in response. The term is a blend of transmitter and responder. It is variously abbreviated as XPDR, XPNDR, TPDR or TP.

In air navigation or radio frequency identification, a flight transponder is an automated transceiver in an aircraft that emits a coded identifying signal in response to an interrogating received signal. In a communications satellite, a satellite transponder receives signals over a range of uplink frequencies, usually from a satellite ground station; the transponder amplifies them, and re-transmits them on a different set of downlink frequencies to receivers on Earth, often without changing the content of the received signal or signals.

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The University of Delaware (colloquially UD, UDel or Delaware) is a public land-grant research university located in Newark, Delaware. UD is the largest university in Delaware. It offers three associate's programs, 148 bachelor's programs, 121 master's programs (with 13 joint degrees), and 55 doctoral programs across its eight colleges. The main campus is in Newark, with satellite campuses in Dover, the Wilmington area, Lewes, and Georgetown. It is considered a large institution with approximately 18,200 undergraduate and 4,200 graduate students. It is a privately governed university which receives public funding for being a land-grant, sea-grant, and space-grant state-supported research institution.

UD is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". According to the National Science Foundation, UD spent $186 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 119th in the nation. It is recognized with the Community Engagement Classification by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.

UD is one of only four schools in North America with a major in art conservation. In 1923, it was the first American university to offer a study-abroad program.

UD traces its origins to a "Free School," founded in New London, Pennsylvania in 1743. The school moved to Newark, Delaware by 1765, becoming the Newark Academy. The academy trustees secured a charter for Newark College in 1833 and the academy became part of the college, which changed its name to Delaware College in 1843. While not considered one of the colonial colleges because it was not a chartered institution of higher education during the colonial era, its original class of ten students included George Read, Thomas McKean, and James Smith, all three of whom went on to sign the Declaration of Independence. Read also later signed the United States Constitution.

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The University of Duhok (UoD) is public university located in Duhok, Kurdistan.

The University describes itself as playing a vital role in developing the community by instigating socioeconomic, cultural, scientific as well as educational progress in the northern part of Iraq and saying that graduates from the University of Duhok currently contribute to the enhancement and capacity building in the public and private sectors of the Duhok Governorate. It claims to be the fast-growing institution in the city.

The University of Duhok was founded on 31 October 1992, following a resolution by the Parliament of the Kurdistan Regional Government to address the increasing demand for higher education in the region. The first colleges to be established in the university were the College of Medicine and the College of Agriculture. Initially, the Medical College had 48 students while the College of Agriculture had 166. During the first two years, the two embargoes imposed by the UN on Iraq and by the Iraqi Central Government on Kurdistan contributed to the slow-paced growth of the University and the poor economic conditions in Kurdistan. After these hardships had passed, the university found itself in a position to steer towards advancement and fresh growth. Today, the UoD has 18 colleges with 76 Departments, more than 19615 undergraduate students and 655 postgraduate students.

The UoD provides facilities such as laboratories, libraries, computing services, sports facilities, housing accommodations and extra-curricular activities to all registered students.

The University of Duhok is a member of International Association of Universities (IAU), European Association for International Education (EAIE)], and Association of Arab Universities (AARU).

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a professional association for electronic engineering and electrical engineering (and associated disciplines) with its corporate office in New York City and its operations center in Piscataway, New Jersey. It was formed in 1963 from the amalgamation of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the Institute of Radio Engineers.

Due to its expansion of scope into so many related fields, it is simply referred to by the letters I-E-E-E (pronounced I-triple-E), except on legal business documents. As of 2018, it is the world's largest association of technical professionals with more than 423,000 members in over 160 countries around the world. Its objectives are the educational and technical advancement of electrical and electronic engineering, telecommunications, computer engineering and similar disciplines.

IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the IEEE Computer Society. It covers subjects related to computer graphics and visualization techniques, systems, software, hardware, and user interface issues. TVCG has been considered the top journal in the field of visualization.

Since 2011, TVCG has allowed authors to present recently accepted papers at partner conferences. These include:

INFO: Full form for T-VLSI is IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems in Academic & Science category

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Symbiosis University of Applied Sciences is a private university in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. It was established in 2016.

Southampton University Air Squadron (SUAS ) is a unit of the Royal Air Force which provides basic flying training, adventurous training and personal development skills to undergraduate students of the University of Southampton, University of Portsmouth, Bournemouth University, Southampton Solent University, University of Chichester and University of Winchester. The aim of all University Air Squadrons is to allow those potential RAF officers to experience service life and to allow them to decide whether they are suited to it. There is no obligation to join up after being a member of a UAS unless an RAF bursary is successfully applied for. SUAS is parented by MoD Boscombe Down where it flies Tutor aircraft.

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The Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science (RIACS) was founded June 1, 1983 as a joint collaboration between the Universities Space Research Association (USRA) and the NASA Ames Research Center. The Institute was created to conduct basic and applied research in computer science, covering a broad range of research topics of interest to the aerospace community including supercomputing, computational fluid dynamics, computational chemistry, high performance networking, and artificial intelligence.

Since its inception, a goal of the Institute’s research has been to support scientific research and engineering from problem formulation to results dissemination, combining concurrent processing systems with intelligent systems to allow users to interact in the language of their discipline. This goal has since expanded to support a broad range of activities associated with space exploration and science, including mission operations and innovative information systems for technology research and development.

An underlying philosophy and approach of the Institute is that successful research is interdisciplinary, and that challenging applications associated with NASA’s mission provide a driving force for developing innovative information systems and advancing computer science. To implement this approach, research staff undertakes collaborative projects with research groups at NASA, integrating computer science with other disciplines to support NASA’s mission.

Over its nearly twenty five-year history, RIACS has acted as a bridge between academia and government research, engaging talented researchers from around the world to collaborate with NASA on challenging research topics. RIACS has also acted as a bridge between industry and the government to mature information technologies for infusion into NASA operations, enabling broader public benefit from research results.

For NASA, RIACS has collaborated most closely with the Intelligent Systems Division and the NASA Advanced Supercomputing Division (NAS) at the NASA Ames Research Center – NASA’s Center for Excellence in Information Technology. RIACS, which was formed the same year as the NAS, worked closely with the division in its early years to develop a strong competency in supercomputing and computational fluid dynamics at NASA. RIACS helped establish the Intelligent Systems Division, and has since collaborated closely with the division to develop and infuse a number of software innovations in the areas of autonomous systems; intelligent information management and data understanding; and human-centered computing.

The Research Institute of Atomic Reactors (Russian: Научно-исследовательский институт атомных реакторов) is an institute for nuclear reactor research in Dimitrovgrad in Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia. The institute houses eight nuclear research reactors: SM, Arbus (ACT-1), MIR.M1, RBT-6, RBT-10 / 1, RBT-10 / 2, BOR-60 and VK-50.

A senior president of General Atomics said in May 2015 that the world's best reactor for "developing new materials that will be able to endure the much higher temperatures, and endure the more energetic and neutron rich radiation environment inside the reactor", is the BOR-60. BOR-60 had its operating license extended to 2020.

Airborne ruthenium-106 traces measured in September and October 2017 by several European countries have been thought to originate from the Research Institute of Atomic Reactors.

The Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland (RIAS) is the professional body for architects in Scotland.

INFO: Full form for RIAI is Royal Institute of Architects of Ireland in Academic & Science category
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The Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland (Irish: Institiúid Ríoga Ailtirí na hÉireann) founded in 1839, is the "competent authority for architects and professional body for Architecture in the Republic of Ireland."

The RIAI’s purpose is "to uphold the highest standards in architecture and to provide impartial and authoritative advice and information in issues affecting architects, the built environment and society." The RIAI’s primary roles are in the areas of: Protecting the consumer; Promoting architecture; Supporting architects and architectural technologists; and Regulating architects. The Institute is governed by a 26-member council.

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The Baltimore-based Research Institute for Advanced Studies (RIAS), not to be confused with the better-known Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, was among the several centers for research in the mathematical and physical sciences established throughout the United States after World War II, in recognition of the critical role that fundamental scientific research played in the outcome of that war. Although not as well known as other similar institutes, such as the IAS mentioned above, or the RAND Corporation, it nevertheless made significant contributions to the sciences of systems and control theory, and various branches of mathematics, during its 18-year existence.

The Research Institute for Advanced Studies (sometimes referred to in the singular) was founded in 1955 by George Bunker of the Glenn L. Martin Company, the ancestor of the aerospace giant Lockheed Martin. Its founding was the idea of George Bunker, who took over from Glenn Martin as chairman of that company in 1952. Like the leaders of other aircraft companies in the United States, Bunker recognized that the future of aviation lay in applying new ideas of fundamental research in mathematics, electronics, and physics that had been developed during World War II. Bunker established the Institute in Baltimore, Maryland, specifically chartered to support fundamental research. The RIAS's first Director was Welcome W. Bender.

The Institute distinguished itself as one of the world's leading centers of mathematical research, especially in control and systems theory. Among the mathematicians on its staff were Solomon Lefschetz and Rudolf E. Kálmán (who while at the Institute in 1960 published a famous paper that was the basis for the "Kalman Filter," a technique for extracting information from a noisy channel that finds applications in many facets of modern life), as well as Joseph P. LaSalle (who in 1960 published a paper describing LaSalle's invariance principle), Jack K. Hale, Harold J. Kushner, Walter Murray Wonham and others. While at RIAS in the early 1960s, Rodney Driver undertook research on delay differential equations and their applications.

The RIAS changed its name and turned its mission away from basic research in 1973, after the merger that produced the Martin Marietta Corporation.

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