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INFO: Full form for ALP is American Language Program in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for ANE is Advanced Network Engineering in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for COPE is Compact for open-access publishing equity fund in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for COPE is Coastal Ocean Probing Experiment in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for COPE is College Opportunity to Prepare for Employment in Academic & Science category
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A research institute, research centre, or research center is an establishment founded for doing research. Research institutes may specialize in basic research or may be oriented to applied research. Although the term often implies natural science research, there are also many research institutes in the social science as well, especially for sociological and historical research purposes.

The Royal Institution of Great Britain (often the Royal Institution, abbreviated 'Ri' or 'RI') is an organisation for scientific education and research, based in the City of Westminster. It was founded in 1799 by the leading British scientists of the age, including Henry Cavendish and its first president, George Finch. Its foundational principles were diffusing the knowledge of, and facilitating the general introduction of, useful mechanical inventions and improvements, as well as enhancing the application of science to the common purposes of life (including through teaching, courses of philosophical lectures, and experiments).

Much of the Institution's initial funding and the initial proposal for its founding were given by the Society for Bettering the Conditions and Improving the Comforts of the Poor, under the guidance of philanthropist Sir Thomas Bernard and American-born British scientist Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford. Since its founding it has been based at 21 Albemarle Street in Mayfair. Its Royal Charter was granted in 1800.

INFO: Full form for RI is Recitation Instructor in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for RI is Retention Interval in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for RI is Research Interviewer in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for RI is Rational Integral in Academic & Science category
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In structural engineering, a pre-engineered building (PEB) is designed by a PEB supplier or PEB manufacturer with a single design to be fabricated using various materials and methods to satisfy a wide range of structural and aesthetic design requirements. This is contrasted with a building built to a design that was created specifically for that building. Within some geographic industry sectors pre-engineered buildings are also called pre-engineered metal buildings (PEMB) or, as is becoming increasingly common due to the reduced amount of pre-engineering involved in custom computer-aided designs, simply engineered metal buildings (EMB).

During the 1960s, standardized engineering designs for buildings were first marketed as PEBs. Historically, the primary framing structure of a pre-engineered building is an assembly of I-shaped members, often referred to as I-beams. In pre-engineered buildings, the I beams used are usually formed by welding together steel plates to form the I section. The I beams are then field-assembled (e.g. bolted connections) to form the entire frame of the pre-engineered building. Some manufacturers taper the framing members (varying in web depth) according to the local loading effects. Larger plate dimensions are used in areas of higher load effects.

Other forms of primary framing can include trusses, mill sections rather than three-plate welded, castellated beams, etc. The choice of economic form can vary depending on factors such as local capabilities (e.g. manufacturing, transportation, construction) and variations in material vs. labour costs.

Typically, primary frames are 2D type frames (i.e. may be analyzed using two-dimensional techniques). Advances in computer-aided design technology, materials and manufacturing capabilities have assisted a growth in alternate forms of pre-engineered building such as the tension fabric building and more sophisticated analysis (e.g. three-dimensional) as is required by some building codes.

Cold formed Z- and C-shaped members may be used as secondary structural elements to fasten and support the external cladding.

Roll-formed profiled steel sheet, wood, tensioned fabric, precast concrete, masonry block, glass curtainwall or other materials may be used for the external cladding of the building.

In order to accurately design a pre-engineered building, engineers consider the clear span between bearing points, bay spacing, roof slope, live loads, dead loads, collateral loads, wind uplift, deflection criteria, internal crane system and maximum practical size and weight of fabricated members. Historically, pre-engineered building manufacturers have developed pre-calculated tables for different structural elements in order to allow designers to select the most efficient I beams size for their projects. However, the table selection procedures are becoming rare with the evolution in computer-aided custom designs.

While pre-engineered buildings can be adapted to suit a wide variety of structural applications, the greatest economy will be realized when utilising standard details. An efficiently designed pre-engineered building can be lighter than the conventional steel buildings by up to 30%. Lighter weight equates to less steel and a potential price savings in structural framework.

INFO: Full form for PEB is Physical and Engineering Biology in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for MDM is Michigan Dartmouth Mountaintop Observatory in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for GFC is Great Falls College in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for CAIRO is Center for Applied Informatics Research and Operations in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for EMAC is Examination for Master Addictions Counselors in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for EMAC is Ecosystem Management Analysis Center in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for EMAC is Electronic Media Arts and Communication in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for ESOP is Earth Science Outreach Program in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for STFU is Star Trek Federation University in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for BDT is Bulk Dielectric Transducer in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for ANE is Academia Nacional de Educación in Academic & Science category
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