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The University of Johannesburg (UJ) is a public university located in Johannesburg, South Africa. The University of Johannesburg came into existence on 1 January 2005 as the result of a merger between the Rand Afrikaans University (RAU), the Technikon Witwatersrand (TWR) and the Soweto and East Rand campuses of Vista University. Prior to the merger, the Daveyton and Soweto campuses of the former Vista University had been incorporated into RAU. As a result of the merger of Rand Afrikaans University (RAU), it is common for alumni to refer to the university as RAU. The Vice-Chancellor and Principal of UJ is Professor Tshilidzi Marwala who took office on 1 January 2018. Between 2005 and 2017, UJ's Vice-Chancellor and Principal was Prof Ihron Lester Rensburg.

The newly emerged institution is one of the largest comprehensive contact universities in South Africa from the 26 public universities that make up the higher education system. UJ has a student population of over 50 000, of which more than 3000 are international students from 80 countries.

The Royal Agricultural University (RAU), formerly the Royal Agricultural College, is a university in Cirencester, Gloucestershire, England. Established in 1845, it was the first agricultural college in the English-speaking world. The university provides more than 30 land-based undergraduate and postgraduate programmes to students from over 45 countries through the School of Agriculture, the School of Business and Entrepreneurship, the School of Equine and the School of Real Estate and Land Management.

INFO: Full form for RAU is Research and Advocacy Unit in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for RAU is Rand Academic University in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for RAU is Russian American University in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for AKU is Al Kafaat University in Academic & Science category
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Aryabhatta Knowledge University (AKU Patna) is a collegiate public state university located in Mithapur, Patna, Bihar, India. It was named after the Indian astronomer Aryabhatta.

Apart from a few notable exceptions, AKU has authority over technical education all over the state of Bihar, and it functions as the state technological university of Bihar. It is recognised and approved by AICTE. It is a statutory requirement for colleges offering any program in engineering, medical or technology in the state to be affiliated with the university. It also has four schools:

Afyon Kocatepe University is a state university in Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. It was established on July 3, 1992.

Founded in 1983 as Pakistan’s first private university, Aga Khan University is a not-for-profit institution and an agency of the Aga Khan Development Network. Starting in 2000, the University expanded to Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, United Kingdom and Afghanistan.

AKU began life as a health-sciences university. It is among the largest private health-care providers in Pakistan and East Africa. AKU hospitals were the first in those regions accredited by U.S.-based Joint Commission International.

More recently, the University has initiated programmes in teacher education, the study of Muslim civilisations, journalism, early childhood development and public policy. In the near future, the University plans to launch an undergraduate liberal-arts programme to educate future leaders in a wide range of fields and establish additional graduate professional schools.

Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction (which does not exist in every language) between translating (a written text) and interpreting (oral or signed communication between users of different languages); under this distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community.

A translator always risks inadvertently introducing source-language words, grammar, or syntax into the target-language rendering. On the other hand, such "spill-overs" have sometimes imported useful source-language calques and loanwords that have enriched target languages. Translators, including early translators of sacred texts, have helped shape the very languages into which they have translated.

Because of the laboriousness of the translation process, since the 1940s efforts have been made, with varying degrees of success, to automate translation or to mechanically aid the human translator. More recently, the rise of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for translation services and has facilitated "language localisation".

INFO: Full form for GMT is Greenwich Mean Time (now obsolete) in Academic & Science category
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Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London, counted from midnight. At different times in the past, it has been calculated in different ways, including being calculated from noon; as a consequence, it cannot be used to specify a particular time unless a context is given. The term 'GMT' is also used as one of the names for the time zone UTC+00:00.

English speakers often use GMT as a synonym for Coordinated Universal Time (UTC): in modern usage, this is incorrect – GMT is now a time zone, not a time reference. For navigation, it is considered equivalent to UT1 (the modern form of mean solar time at 0° longitude); but this meaning can differ from UTC by up to 0.9 s. The term GMT should not thus be used for purposes that require precision.

Because of Earth's uneven angular velocity in its elliptical orbit and its axial tilt, noon (12:00:00) GMT is rarely the exact moment the Sun crosses the Greenwich Meridian and reaches its highest point in the sky there. This event may occur up to 16 minutes before or after noon GMT, a discrepancy described by the equation of time. Noon GMT is the annual average (i.e. "mean") moment of this event, which accounts for the word "mean" in "Greenwich Mean Time".

Originally, astronomers considered a GMT day to start at noon, while for almost everyone else it started at midnight. To avoid confusion, the name Universal Time was introduced to denote GMT as counted from midnight. Today, Universal Time usually refers to UTC or UT1.

The term "GMT" is especially used by bodies connected with the United Kingdom, such as the BBC World Service, the Royal Navy, and the Met Office; and others particularly in Arab countries, such as the Middle East Broadcasting Centre and OSN. It is a term commonly used in the United Kingdom and countries of the Commonwealth, including Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Malaysia; and in many other countries of the Eastern Hemisphere.

The Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) is a ground-based extremely large telescope under construction. It will consist of seven 8.4 m (27.6 ft) diameter primary segments, that will observe optical and near infrared (320–25000 nm) light, with the resolving power of a 24.5 m (80.4 ft) primary mirror and collecting area equivalent to a 22.0 m (72.2 ft) one, which is about 368 square meters. The telescope is expected to have a resolving power 10 times greater than the Hubble Space Telescope. As of November 2017, five mirrors had been cast and the construction of the summit facility has begun.

A total of seven primary mirrors are planned, but it will begin operation with four. The $1 billion project is US-led in partnership with Australia, Brazil, and South Korea, with Chile as the host country.

The Dag Hammarskjöld Library is a library on the grounds of the headquarters of the United Nations, located in the Turtle Bay/East Midtown neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It is connected to the Secretariat and Conference buildings through ground level and underground corridors. It is named after Dag Hammarskjöld, the second Secretary-General of the United Nations.

The Library has specialized in two major areas. Firstly, it is the main depository for United Nations documents and publications and maintains a selected collection of materials of the specialized agencies and United Nations affiliated bodies. Secondly, the Library collects books, periodicals and other materials related to the organization's programs of activities.

INFO: Full form for MPA is Margulies Perruzzi Architects in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for MPA is Minimal Process Algebra in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for MMM is Meso-scale and Micro-scale Meterology in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for BRO is Breault Research Organization in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for DGR is Directory of Graduate Research in Academic & Science category
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The Computer Engineers Association of Spain (ATI, Asociación de Técnicos de Informática in Spanish) is a non-profit association of professionals and students from the sector of Information and Communications Technology (ICT). It is based in Spain, where it is established through a number of Chapters. Founded in 1967, it is the most veteran association in the ICT profession in Spain, with the main headquarters in Barcelona and headquarters in Madrid also.

ATI publishes in Spanish the magazine Novática, the oldest magazine in Spain about computing, and also REICIS (Revista Española de Innovación, Calidad e Ingeniería del Software). From 2000 to 2011 publishes also the e-magazine in English UPGRADE: The European Journal for the Informatics Professional, commissioned by CEPIS (Council for European Professional Informatic Societies).

ATI has sixteen working groups covering different areas of the ICT sector and takes part, either as organizer or collaborator, in several events in this field.

ATI is the Spanish representative in International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP), and represents Spanish computer professionals too in CEPIS, an organization from which ATI is a founding member. ATI also has a collaboration agreement with Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).

In Spain, ATI has established collaboration agreements with Ada Spain, ASTIC, Hispalinux, AI2 and RITSI (Asociación Nacional de Estudiantes de Ingenierías e Ingenierías Técnicas en Informática).

ATI expresses its view about different matters (Libre Software, university degrees on Computer Science, Private copying levy, etc.) through communications, press releases and editorial pages at Novática magazine.

In 2017 the Spanish Data Protection Agency imposes ATI two fines, one of 45,000 € (very serious infraction) for transmitting personal data outside the territory of the European Economic Area, and another of 5,000 € (mild infraction) for sending e-mails through The Rocket Science Group LLC's Mailchimp service, violating the recipients' right. Appeals from ATI against the sanctions are dismissed successively by the National Court of Spain and the Supreme Court of Spain.

INFO: Full form for ATI is Academy of Thought and Industry in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for ATI is Agricultural Technical Institute in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for ATI is Asymmetric Triangle Inequality in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for ATI is Association of Informatics Technologists in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for ATI is Asociaci? de T?nicos de Inform?ica in Academic & Science category
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INFO: Full form for RTI is Research Training Internship in Academic & Science category
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