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A greenhouse gas (GHG or GhG) is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range, causing the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H
2O), carbon dioxide (CO
2), methane (CH
4), nitrous oxide (N
2O), and ozone (O3). Without greenhouse gases, the average temperature of Earth's surface would be about −18 °C (0 °F), rather than the present average of 15 °C (59 °F). The atmospheres of Venus, Mars and Titan also contain greenhouse gases.

Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have increased the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide by almost 50%, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 419 ppm in 2021. The last time the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide was this high was over 3 million years ago. This increase has occurred despite the absorption of more than half of the emissions by various natural carbon sinks in the carbon cycle.

At current greenhouse gas emission rates, temperatures could increase by 2 °C (3.6 °F), which the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) says is the upper limit to avoid "dangerous" levels, by 2050. The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, petroleum (including oil) and natural gas, with additional contributions from deforestation and other changes in land use.

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(the) Field of View (フィールド・オブ・ビュー Fīrudo obu Byū) were a popular Japanese rock band formed in 1994 by vocalist U-ya Asaoka, guitarist Takashi Oda, keyboardist Jun Abe and drummer Takuto Kohashi, with Jun Abe leaving and Kenji Niitsu joining the following year. The group's tenure lasted until their break up in December 2002.

One of their hit singles, Dan Dan Kokoro Hikareteku, was used as the opening theme for the popular anime series Dragon Ball GT.Another single, 「渇いた叫び」(Kawaita Sakebi), was used as the opening for the original Yu-Gi-Oh! series from Toei in 1998.

The Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE) is a privately held national-level board of school education in India that conducts the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education and the Indian School Certificate Examination for Class X and Class XII respectively. It was established in 1958. Over 2,300 schools in India and abroad are affiliated to the CISCE. It is also recognised as a 'Non-Governmental Board of School Education'.

This Indian Council was set up on the grounds that a board was required to administer the examinations being conducted in India by the University of Cambridge and to optimally tailor them according to the nation's need. The future education policies were prepared under the aegis of the Cambridge University.

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The abbreviation viz. (or viz without a full stop) is short for the Latin videlicet, which itself is a contraction of the Latin phrase videre licet, meaning "it is permitted to see". It is used as a synonym for "namely", "that is to say", "to wit", "which is", or "as follows". It is typically used to introduce examples or further details to illustrate a point. For example: "all types of data viz. text, audio, video, pictures, graphics, can be transmitted through networking".

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Red Hat, an IBM subsidiary specializing in computer software, offers different level of certification programs, most of which specialize in system administration. Certifications can be validated through Red Hat webpage, and expire after 3 years.

Fourier-transform spectroscopy is a measurement technique whereby spectra are collected based on measurements of the coherence of a radiative source, using time-domain or space-domain measurements of the electromagnetic radiation or other type of radiation. It can be applied to a variety of types of spectroscopy including optical spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, FT-NIRS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI), mass spectrometry and electron spin resonance spectroscopy. There are several methods for measuring the temporal coherence of the light (see: field-autocorrelation), including the continuous wave Michelson or Fourier-transform spectrometer and the pulsed Fourier-transform spectrograph (which is more sensitive and has a much shorter sampling time than conventional spectroscopic techniques, but is only applicable in a laboratory environment).

The term Fourier-transform spectroscopy reflects the fact that in all these techniques, a Fourier transform is required to turn the raw data into the actual spectrum, and in many of the cases in optics involving interferometers, is based on the Wiener–Khinchin theorem.

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In mathematics, a unit vector in a normed vector space is a vector (often a spatial vector) of length 1. A unit vector is often denoted by a lowercase letter with a circumflex, or "hat", as in v ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {v} }}} (pronounced "v-hat").

The term direction vector is used to describe a unit vector being used to represent spatial direction, and such quantities are commonly denoted as d. 2D spatial directions are numerically equivalent to points on the unit circle and spatial directions in 3D are equivalent to a point on the unit sphere.

The normalized vector û of a non-zero vector u is the unit vector in the direction of u, i.e.,

where |u| is the norm (or length) of u. The term normalized vector is sometimes used as a synonym for unit vector.

Unit vectors are often chosen to form the basis of a vector space, and every vector in the space may be written as a linear combination of unit vectors.

Universidad Veracruzana (Spanish for University of Veracruz) is a public autonomous university located in the Mexican state of Veracruz. Established in 1944, the university is one of the most important in the southeast region of México. Its academic organization is a structure based on academic areas, schools, education programs and research institutes. Due to geographic dispersing, academic activities are coordinated by the Academic Secretariat and four Vice-Rector's Offices. General Directions of the academic areas: Arts, Biology and Agricultural Sciences, Health Sciences, Economics and Business Administration, Liberal Arts and Technical coordinate as well each school and educational programs. The Department of Research coordinates the plans and activities of the research institutes, and the Direction of Art Dissemination operates the artistic groups and the cultural activities programs.

In the region of Xalapa, the University has 32 schools, 22 institutes and research centers, one Children's Musical Induction Center, one Language Center, one Foreign Languages Department, two Self-access Language Learning Centers, two Arts Workshops, one Foreign Students School, one Advanced Technology Lab, one Analytic Resolution Support Services Unit, one School Hospital and one Library Services and Information Unit (USBI). In Veracruz: 13 schools, four institutes and research centers, one Children's Musical Induction Center, one Language Center, two Self-access Language Learning Centers, one Art Workshops and one USBI. In Orizaba-Córdoba: 8 schools, two Language Centers, two Self-access Language Learning Centers and an Advanced Technology Lab. In Poza Rica: 13 schools, one Language Center, a Self-access Language Learning Center, and two Art Workshops. And in Coatzacoalcos-Minatitlán, 8 schools, one Language Center, two Self-access Learning Centers and two USBIs. Furthermore, it is associated with the North American Mobility Project, a transnational academic program that links it to Georgia Southern University in the United States and Wilfrid Laurier University in Canada.

Water (chemical formula H2O) is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent). It is vital for all known forms of life, even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients. Its chemical formula H2O, indicates that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, connected by covalent bonds. The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45°. "Water" is the name of the liquid state of H2O at standard conditions for temperature and pressure.

A number of natural states of water exist. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog. Clouds consist of suspended droplets of water and ice, its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow. The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor.

Water covers approximately 70.9% of the Earth's surface, mostly in seas and oceans. Small portions of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and in the air as vapor, clouds (consisting of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%). Water moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea.

Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70% of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a major source of food for many parts of the world. Much of the long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil, natural gas, and manufactured products) is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating, in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of substances both mineral and organic; as such it is widely used in industrial processes, and in cooking and washing. Water, ice and snow are also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, diving, ice skating and skiing.

Future Leaders Exchange (FLEX) is a scholarship student exchange program administered by the U.S. Department of State through funding from the Freedom Support Act. The program provides opportunities for high school students (ages 15–19) from Eurasia, mainly from the former Eastern Bloc, to spend a year in the United States, living with a host family and attending an American high school. In 2019 program includes Armenia, Azerbaijan, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine. The program seeks to develop the leadership abilities and cultural awareness.

The competition is intense. Only about one in fifty applicants are ultimately selected.

The program was created in 1992 after former Senator Bill Bradley’s conviction "that the best way to ensure long-lasting peace and understanding between the U.S. and Eurasia is to enable young people to learn about democracy firsthand through experiencing it". Since its inception in 1993, more than 18,000 high school students from 12 Eurasian countries (two more countries which used to participate in the program are Belarus and Uzbekistan) have studied in the U.S. under the program.

Initially the program included states from the former Soviet Union. In recent years, it has expanded to include countries in the Balkans and both central and eastern Europe, in addition to Mongolia.

On 1 October 2014 Russia pulled out of the programme. Russian students remaining in the US were allowed by the Russian side to complete their scholarship, and in the next editions, Russian students will be replaced by students from Ukraine and other countries.

The motive behind Russia's decision to end the cooperation was the case of a 16 year old student who had refused to return to Russia and searched for asylum in the USA on the grounds of his sexual orientation. He had met a homosexual couple and asked them for help to stay in the USA. He was put under the couple's tutelage. Russian officials criticized the USA for lack of responsibility towards Russian students.

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The Academy of Sciences of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: فرهنگستان علوم جمهوری اسلامی ایران‎) was established in 1988. It is one of the four academies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The other three are: Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Iranian Academy of the Arts and Academy of Persian Language and Literature.

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The Indian Archaeological Society was registered in 1968 at Varanasi as a non-governmental, non-profit making professional organization of archaeologists, founded by A. K. Narain and other Archaeologists and Indologists.

As of 2007, the society has some 400 members and is registered in New Delhi as an educational and charitable Institution.

Its bulletin Puratattva has been appearing since its foundation, originally edited by A.K. Narain, M. Seshadri and S.B. Rao, volume 30 appearing in 2005 edited by S.P. Gupta, K.N. Dikshit, and K.S. Ramachandran.

The Illinois Archaeological Survey is a society of professional archaeologists and other technical professionals, dedicated to identifying and preserving important archaeological resources throughout the state of Illinois. The survey was founded in 1956 and is one of the oldest professional archaeological societies in the Americas.Beyond its bulletins, circulars, monographs, and special publications, the survey produces a peer-reviewed academic journal of archaeology entitled Illinois Archaeology. An annual fall conference focuses on some of the previous year's more significant archaeological endeavors. The annual business meeting takes place just prior to the conference.

The Illinois Archaeological Survey is governed by a Board of Directors, which convenes at the call of the President, typically three to four times per year. The Board is composed of the Survey's five elected officers (President, President-Elect, Secretary, Treasurer, and Editor), who typically serve two-year terms, and eight elected directors, who serve three-year terms.

The Illinois State Archaeological Survey is a distinct and separate entity with a similar name, although the Illinois Archaeological Survey was instrumental in joining the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and the Illinois Department of Transportation to form the Illinois State Archaeological Survey. The latter is now housed at the Prairie Research Institute at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.

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Integral Ad Science (IAS) is an American publicly owned technology company that analyzes the value of digital advertising placements. Integral Ad Science is known for addressing issues around fraud, viewability, brand risk and TRAQ, a proprietary media quality score.

Integral Ad Science was founded in 2009 by Will Luttrell, Helene Monat, Foster Provost, Bryan St. John, Josh Attenberg and Kent Wakeford; with initial investment from Coriolis Ventures. It was originally named "AdSafe Media". The company is headquartered in New York City and has locations in Chicago, San Francisco, Berlin, London, Paris, Singapore, Melbourne, Sydney and Pune.

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