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A census is the procedure of systematically calculating, acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population. This term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common censuses include the census of agriculture, and other censuses such as the traditional culture, business, supplies, and traffic censuses. The United Nations defines the essential features of population and housing censuses as "individual enumeration, universality within a defined territory, simultaneity and defined periodicity", and recommends that population censuses be taken at least every ten years. United Nations recommendations also cover census topics to be collected, official definitions, classifications and other useful information to co-ordinate international practices.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), in turn, defines the census of agriculture as “a statistical operation for collecting, processing and disseminating data on the structure of agriculture, covering the whole or a significant part of a country.” “In a census of agriculture, data are collected at the holding level.

The word is of Latin origin: during the Roman Republic, the census was a list that kept track of all adult males fit for military service. The modern census is essential to international comparisons of any kind of statistics, and censuses collect data on many attributes of a population, not just how many people there are. Censuses typically began as the only method of collecting national demographic data, and are now part of a larger system of different surveys. Although population estimates remain an important function of a census, including exactly the geographic distribution of the population or the agricultural population, statistics can be produced about combinations of attributes e.g. education by age and sex in different regions. Current administrative data systems allow for other approaches to enumeration with the same level of detail but raise concerns about privacy and the possibility of biasing estimates.

A census can be contrasted with sampling in which information is obtained only from a subset of a population; typically main population estimates are updated by such intercensal estimates. Modern census data are commonly used for research, business marketing, and planning, and as a baseline for designing sample surveys by providing a sampling frame such as an address register. Census counts are necessary to adjust samples to be representative of a population by weighting them as is common in opinion polling. Similarly, stratification requires knowledge of the relative sizes of different population strata, which can be derived from census enumerations. In some countries, the census provides the official counts used to apportion the number of elected representatives to regions (sometimes controversially – e.g., Utah v. Evans). In many cases, a carefully chosen random sample can provide more accurate information than attempts to get a population census.

A century is a period of 100 years. Centuries are numbered ordinally in English and many other languages. The word century comes from the Latin centum, meaning one hundred. Century is sometimes abbreviated as c.

A centennial or centenary is a hundredth anniversary, or a celebration of this, typically the remembrance of an event which took place a hundred years earlier.

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The United States Geography Championships, often abbreviated as USGC, formerly known as the United States Geography Olympiad, is a nationwide academic geography competition for primary and secondary school students in the United States. It was introduced during the 2012-2013 school year. It currently consists of approximately 105 National Qualifying Exam sites held around the United States and its territories, along with a certain number of international schools, and a National Championships held in Arlington, VA at the end of April. The National Qualifying Exam sites are held in conjunction with the high school-level regional and state tournaments of The National History Bee and The National History Bowl.

The United States Geography Championships is also the official qualifying competition for American students looking to qualify for the International Geography Olympiad, an international geography competition, which is held every summer in a different country. The international competition consists of three parts: a written test, a multimedia test, and a fieldwork activity.

The United States Geography Championships currently includes two categories: a Junior Varsity category and a Varsity category. For each academic school year, students who are younger than 16 years of age, as of July 1 of the summer following the school year, participate in the Junior Varsity category. There is no younger age limit for Junior Varsity. Meanwhile, students who are 16 or older (up to age 19), as July 1 of the summer following the school year, participate in the Varsity category. Only students in the Varsity category are eligible to qualify for the US National Team which will participate during that summer in the International Geography Olympiad.

The US Geography Championships is part of International Academic Competitions (IAC), a consortium of competitions for primary and secondary students in 25 countries. IAC is also the parent organization of the National History Bee and Bowl. However, it is not associated with National Geographic or the National Geographic Bee.

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The Manchester Academy of Fine Arts (MAFA) was founded in 1859 by artists eager to promote art and education: organising annual open exhibitions, talks and workshops held at Manchester Art Gallery (formerly known as the Manchester Institution). The Academy celebrated its 150th anniversary with a series of exhibitions and a service at Manchester Cathedral in November 2009.

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The Center for Embedded Networked Sensing (CENS) was a research enterprise funded by the National Science Foundation based at the University of California, Los Angeles.

CENS was established at UCLA in 2002. The group conducted research primarily in the computer science subfield of embedded sensor networks. While the core research was grounded in computer science, the applications studied spanned a large range of fields including military applications, ecology, seismology, security monitoring, and farming applications to name just a few.

While it was headquartered at UCLA, the following universities and organizations also participated in CENS-led research:

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