Explore topic-wise fullforms in Chemistry

INFO: Full form for NF is No Ferrite in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for ANA is Atomic Non Atomic in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for ANA is Anti-nuclear Antibody in Chemistry category
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The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it can change its state from a liquid to a gas.

Boiling point may also refer to:

Benzoyl peroxide is a chemical compound (specifically, an organic peroxide) with structural formula (C
6H
5−C(=O)O−)
2, often abbreviated as (BzO)2. In terms of its structure, the molecule can be described as two benzoyl (C
6H
5−C(=O)−, Bz) groups connected by a peroxide (−O−O−). It is a white granular solid with a faint odour of benzaldehyde, poorly soluble in water but soluble in acetone, ethanol, and many other organic solvents. Benzoyl peroxide is an oxidizer, which is principally used as in the production of polymers.

As a bleach, it has been used as a medication and a water disinfectant. In specialized contexts, the name may be abbreviated as BPO.

As a medication, benzoyl peroxide is mostly used to treat acne, either alone or in combination with other treatments. Some versions are sold mixed with antibiotics such as clindamycin. It is on the WHO List of Essential Medicines, and, in the US, it is available as an over-the-counter and generic medication. It is also used in dentistry for teeth whitening.

Benzoyl peroxide is also used in the plastics industry and for bleaching flour, hair, and textiles.

INFO: Full form for WC is Water Cosolvent in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for WVTI is Water Vapor Transport Index in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for PPVC is Plasticised Polyvinyl Chloride in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for EBSD is Electron Back Scatter Diffraction in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for LDAI is Ligand-directed Acyl Imidazole in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for LHH is Light, Heat, and Humidity in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for NVV is Non- Volatile Volume in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for YBR is Yttrium Bromine in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for WXTA is World Xylenes and Terephthalates Analysis in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for EPAB is Ethyl P-amino Benzoate in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for P2O is Plastic To Oil in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for OLCC is On Line Chemistry Course in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for OLCC is On Line Chemistry Courses in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for SCVF is Single Chamber Vacuum Furnace in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for WIBG is Weakly Imperfect Bose Gas in Chemistry category
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Oxytocin (Oxt or OT) is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide normally produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. It plays a role in social bonding, reproduction, childbirth, and the period after childbirth. Oxytocin is released into the bloodstream as a hormone in response to sexual activity and during labour. It is also available in pharmaceutical form. In either form, oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions to speed up the process of childbirth. In its natural form, it also plays a role in bonding with the baby and milk production. Production and secretion of oxytocin is controlled by a positive feedback mechanism, where its initial release stimulates production and release of further oxytocin. For example, when oxytocin is released during a contraction of the uterus at the start of childbirth, this stimulates production and release of more oxytocin and an increase in the intensity and frequency of contractions. This process compounds in intensity and frequency and continues until the triggering activity ceases. A similar process takes place during lactation and during sexual activity.

Oxytocin is derived by enzymatic splitting from the peptide precursor encoded by the human OXT gene. The deduced structure of the active nonapeptide is:

INFO: Full form for YZN is Yellow Zinc Dichromate in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for ZRN is Zirconium Nitride in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for ABAB is Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for EuSe is Europium - Selenium in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for HNAB is Hexanitroazobenzene in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for PZT is Lead Zirconium Titanate in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for B/O is Bypass/overflow in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for OXA is Oxanilic Acid in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for ZNI is Zinc Iodide in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for ZSG is Zn2 Si0.5 Ge0.5 O4 in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for ZGP is Zinc Germanium Phosphide in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for UQY is Ultimate Quality and Yield in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for XEI is Xenon Iodine in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for QDCI is Quinonedichlorodiimide in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for Vmax is Maximum Value in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for NOx is Nitrous Oxides in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for OZG is Ozone Generator in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for UVP is Ultrasonic Vibration Potential in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for WVDA is Water Vapor Diffusion Analysis in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for MUGB is Methylumbelliferyl Guanidinobenzoate in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for BPDE is Benzo [a]pyrenediol-epoxide in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for TLME is Alpha-tosyl-l-lysine Methyl Ester in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for TWMC is Time Weighted Mean Concentration in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for DMAV is Di-methylarsenic Acid in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for IE is Inert Electrolyte in Chemistry category
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In physics and chemistry, ionization energy (American English spelling) or ionisation energy (British English spelling) is the minimum amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron of an isolated neutral gaseous atom or molecule. It is quantitatively expressed as

where X is any atom or molecule, X+ is the resultant ion when the original atom was stripped of a single electron, and e− is the removed electron. This is generally an endothermic process. As a rule, the closer the outermost electrons are to the nucleus of the atom, the higher the atom's ionization energy.

The sciences of physics and chemistry use different units for ionization energy. In physics, the unit is the amount of energy required to remove a single electron from a single atom or molecule, expressed as Electron-volts. In chemistry, the unit is the amount of energy required for all of the atoms in a mole of substance to lose one electron each: molar ionization energy or approximately enthalpy, expressed as kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol) or kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol).

Comparison of ionization energies of atoms in the periodic table reveals two periodic trends which follow the rules of Coulombic attraction:

The latter trend results from the outer electron shell being progressively farther from the nucleus, with the addition of one inner shell per row as one moves down the column.

The nth ionization energy refers to the amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from the species having a charge of (n-1). For example, the first three ionization energies are defined as follows:

The term ionization potential is an older and obsolete term for ionization energy, because the oldest method of measuring ionization energy was based on ionizing a sample and accelerating the electron removed using an electrostatic potential.

The most notable factors affecting the ionization energy include:

Other minor factors include:

INFO: Full form for FL is Free Lime in Chemistry category
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Flerovium is a superheavy artificial chemical element with the symbol Fl and atomic number 114. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element. The element is named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, where the element was discovered in 1998. The name of the laboratory, in turn, honours the Russian physicist Georgy Flyorov (Флёров in Cyrillic, hence the transliteration of "yo" to "e"). The name was adopted by IUPAC on 30 May 2012. The name and symbol had previously been proposed for element 102 (nobelium), but not accepted by IUPAC at that time.

In the periodic table of the elements, it is a transactinide element in the p-block. It is a member of the 7th period and is the heaviest known member of the carbon group; it is also the heaviest element whose chemistry has been investigated. Initial chemical studies performed in 2007–2008 indicated that flerovium was unexpectedly volatile for a group 14 element; in preliminary results it even seemed to exhibit properties similar to those of the noble gases. More recent results show that flerovium's reaction with gold is similar to that of copernicium, showing that it is a very volatile element that may even be gaseous at standard temperature and pressure, that it would show metallic properties, consistent with it being the heavier homologue of lead, and that it would be the least reactive metal in group 14. The question of whether flerovium behaves more like a metal or a noble gas is still unresolved as of 2020.

About 90 atoms of flerovium have been observed: 58 were synthesized directly, and the rest were made from the radioactive decay of heavier elements. All of these flerovium atoms have been shown to have mass numbers from 284 to 290. The most stable known flerovium isotope, flerovium-289, has a half-life of around 1.9 seconds, but it is possible that the unconfirmed flerovium-290 (with one extra neutron) may have a longer half-life of 19 seconds; this would be one of the longest half-lives of any isotope of any element at these farthest reaches of the periodic table. Flerovium is predicted to be near the centre of the theorized island of stability, and it is expected that heavier flerovium isotopes, especially the possibly magic flerovium-298, may have even longer half-lives.