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INFO: Full form for CAMELSPIN is Cross-relaxation Appropriate for Minimolecules Emulated By Locked Spins in Chemistry category

Compound may refer to:

Chemical Entities of Biological Interest, also known as ChEBI, is a chemical database and ontology of molecular entities focused on 'small' chemical compounds, that is part of the Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) effort at the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI). The term "molecular entity" refers to any "constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer, etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity". The molecular entities in question are either products of nature or synthetic products which have potential bioactivity. Molecules directly encoded by the genome, such as nucleic acids, proteins and peptides derived from proteins by proteolytic cleavage, are not as a rule included in ChEBI.

ChEBI uses nomenclature, symbolism and terminology endorsed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and nomenclature committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (NC-IUBMB).

INFO: Full form for BTEX is Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene in Chemistry category
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Amidophosphoribosyltransferase (ATase), also known as glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase (GPAT), is an enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) into 5-phosphoribosyl-1-amine (PRA), using the amine group from a glutamine side-chain. This is the committing step in de novo purine synthesis. In humans it is encoded by the PPAT (phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase) gene. ATase is a member of the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family.

INFO: Full form for AZOTE is Used Formerly As A Name for Nitrogen. in Chemistry category

INFO: Full form for B2O3 is Boric Oxide in Chemistry category

INFO: Full form for 3FDA is 2,2-bis (3,4-dicarboxyphenyl) Hexafluoropropane Dianhydride in Chemistry category

Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3. It is a common substance found in rocks as the minerals calcite and aragonite (most notably as limestone, which is a type of sedimentary rock consisting mainly of calcite) and is the main component of eggshells, snail shells, seashells and pearls. Calcium carbonate is the active ingredient in agricultural lime and is created when calcium ions in hard water react with carbonate ions to create limescale. It has medical use as a calcium supplement or as an antacid, but excessive consumption can be hazardous and cause hypercalcemia and digestive issues.

Ethylene (IUPAC name: ethene) is a hydrocarbon which has the formula C
2H
4 or H2C=CH2. It is a colorless flammable gas with a faint "sweet and musky" odor when pure. It is the simplest alkene (a hydrocarbon with carbon-carbon double bonds).

Ethylene is widely used in the chemical industry, and its worldwide production (over 150 million tonnes in 2016) exceeds that of any other organic compound. Much of this production goes toward polyethylene, a widely used plastic containing polymer chains of ethylene units in various chain lengths. Ethylene is also an important natural plant hormone and is used in agriculture to force the ripening of fruits. The hydrate of ethylene is ethanol.

INFO: Full form for AGRU is Acid Gas Removal Unit in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for ECTFE is Ethylene Chloro-tetra-fluoro-ethylene in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for EGME is Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for EVOH is Poly(ethylene Vinyl Alcohol) in Chemistry category

INFO: Full form for ELNES is Energy-loss Near-edge Structure in Chemistry category

INFO: Full form for CXXH is Cys-x2-his in Chemistry category

INFO: Full form for D5% is Dextrose 5% in Chemistry category

INFO: Full form for DMALM is Dimethyl Alaninate Methobromide in Chemistry category

INFO: Full form for DMBI-PF6 is Dimethyl-3-butyl Imidazolium Hexafluoro Phosphate in Chemistry category

INFO: Full form for DCPK is Dicyclopropylketone in Chemistry category

Distillation, or classical distillation, is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation. Dry distillation is the heating of solid materials to produce gaseous products (which may condense into liquids or solids). Dry distillation may involve chemical changes such as destructive distillation or cracking and is not discussed under this article. Distillation may result in essentially complete separation (nearly pure components), or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components in the mixture. In either case, the process exploits differences in the relative volatility of the mixture's components. In industrial applications, distillation is a unit operation of practically universal importance, but it is a physical separation process, not a chemical reaction.

Distillation has many applications. For example:

An installation used for distillation, especially of distilled beverages, is a distillery. The distillation equipment itself is a still.

INFO: Full form for DMBZ is Dimethyl Benzimidazole in Chemistry category

INFO: Full form for DNEL is Derived No Effect Level in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for DDAB is Dimethyl Dioctadecyl Ammonium Bromide in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for FPOM is Fine Particulate Organic Matter in Chemistry category

INFO: Full form for FRAPPE is Front Range Air Pollution and Photochemistry Experiment in Chemistry category

INFO: Full form for FLORIDA is Flowers Love Observing Rhythms In Designated Atmosphere in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for FODMAP is Fermentable, Oligo-, Di-, Mono-saccharides and Polyols in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for FBMM is Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for FODMAP is Fermenatble Oligo-,di-,monosaccharides and Polyols in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for FTMWS is Fourier Transform Microwave Spectroscopy in Chemistry category

INFO: Full form for DNAPL is Dense Non-aqueous Phase Liquid in Chemistry category

INFO: Full form for DPTD is Design Pressure and Temperature Diagram in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for DSNW is Dispersed Silica Nanoparticles In Water in Chemistry category

INFO: Full form for DNPH is Dinitrophenylhydrazene in Chemistry category

INFO: Full form for DWCNT is Double-walled Carbon Nano-tube in Chemistry category

INFO: Full form for DNDH is Di-methyl Amino-naphthalin-1,2-di-carbonic Acid Hydrazide in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for DMGM is Dimethyl Glycinate Methobromide in Chemistry category

In chemistry, carbonic acid is a dibasic acid with the chemical formula H2CO3. The pure compound decomposes at temperatures greater than ca. −80 °C.

In biochemistry, the name "carbonic acid" is often applied to aqueous solutions of carbon dioxide, which play an important role in the bicarbonate buffer system, used to maintain acid–base homeostasis.

Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations Na+
and hydroxide anions OH−
.

Sodium hydroxide is a highly caustic base and alkali that decomposes proteins at ordinary ambient temperatures and may cause severe chemical burns. It is highly soluble in water, and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air. It forms a series of hydrates NaOH·nH
2O. The monohydrate NaOH·H
2O crystallizes from water solutions between 12.3 and 61.8 °C. The commercially available "sodium hydroxide" is often this monohydrate, and published data may refer to it instead of the anhydrous compound.

As one of the simplest hydroxides, sodium hydroxide is frequently utilized alongside neutral water and acidic hydrochloric acid to demonstrate the pH scale to chemistry students.

Sodium hydroxide is used in many industries: in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents, and as a drain cleaner. Worldwide production in 2004 was approximately 60 million tons, while demand was 51 million tons.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are fully or partly halogenated paraffin hydrocarbons that contain only carbon (C), hydrogen (H), chlorine (Cl), and fluorine (F), produced as volatile derivatives of methane, ethane, and propane. They are also commonly known by the DuPont brand name Freon.

The most common representative is dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12 or Freon-12). Many CFCs have been widely used as refrigerants, propellants (in aerosol applications), and solvents. Because CFCs contribute to ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere, the manufacture of such compounds has been phased out under the Montreal Protocol, and they are being replaced with other products such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) including R-410A and R-134a.

INFO: Full form for IFSHC is International Federation of Societies for Histochemistry And in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for HFC(s) is Hydrofluorocarbon(s) in Chemistry category

INFO: Full form for HSGO is High Sulphur Gas Oil in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for IFSHC is International Federation of Societies for Histochemistry and Cytochemistry in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for HVLP is High Volume, Low Pressure in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for HTTO is High Temperature Thermal Oxidation in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for IPTG is Isopropyl B-d-thiogalactoside in Chemistry category

INFO: Full form for ICP-OES is Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectroscopy in Chemistry category

The IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI IN-chee or ING-kee) is a textual identifier for chemical substances, designed to provide a standard way to encode molecular information and to facilitate the search for such information in databases and on the web. Initially developed by IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) and NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) from 2000 to 2005, the format and algorithms are non-proprietary.

The identifiers describe chemical substances in terms of layers of information — the atoms and their bond connectivity, tautomeric information, isotope information, stereochemistry, and electronic charge information.Not all layers have to be provided; for instance, the tautomer layer can be omitted if that type of information is not relevant to the particular application. The InChI algorithm converts input structural information into a unique InChI identifier in a three-step process: normalization (to remove redundant information), canonicalization (to generate a unique number label for each atom), and serialization (to give a string of characters).

InChIs differ from the widely used CAS registry numbers in three respects: firstly, they are freely usable and non-proprietary; secondly, they can be computed from structural information and do not have to be assigned by some organization; and thirdly, most of the information in an InChI is human readable (with practice). InChIs can thus be seen as akin to a general and extremely formalized version of IUPAC names. They can express more information than the simpler SMILES notation and differ in that every structure has a unique InChI string, which is important in database applications. Information about the 3-dimensional coordinates of atoms is not represented in InChI; for this purpose a format such as PDB can be used.

The InChIKey, sometimes referred to as a hashed InChI, is a fixed length (27 character) condensed digital representation of the InChI that is not human-understandable. The InChIKey specification was released in September 2007 in order to facilitate web searches for chemical compounds, since these were problematic with the full-length InChI. Unlike the InChI, the InChIKey is not unique: though collisions can be calculated to be very rare, they happen.

In January 2009 the 1.02 version of the InChI software was released. This provided a means to generate so called standard InChI, which does not allow for user selectable options in dealing with the stereochemistry and tautomeric layers of the InChI string. The standard InChIKey is then the hashed version of the standard InChI string. The standard InChI will simplify comparison of InChI strings and keys generated by different groups, and subsequently accessed via diverse sources such as databases and web resources.

The continuing development of the standard has been supported since 2010 by the not-for-profit InChI Trust, of which IUPAC is a member. The current software version is 1.06 and was released in December 2020. Prior to 1.04, the software was freely available under the open-source LGPL license,but it now uses a custom license called IUPAC-InChI Trust License.