Explore topic-wise fullforms in Chemistry

INFO: Full form for PNA is P-nitro-anilide in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for PNA is Positive/negative Anomaly in Chemistry category
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Phosphoenolpyruvate (2-phosphoenolpyruvate, PEP) is the ester derived from the enol of pyruvate and phosphate. It exists as an anion. PEP is an important intermediate in biochemistry. It has the highest-energy phosphate bond found (−61.9 kJ/mol) in organisms, and is involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. In plants, it is also involved in the biosynthesis of various aromatic compounds, and in carbon fixation; in bacteria, it is also used as the source of energy for the phosphotransferase system.

INFO: Full form for PEP is Physical Equivalent Practice in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for RHE is Reversible Hydrogen Electrode in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for HAD is Haloacid Dehalogenase in Chemistry category
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Haloacetic acids are carboxylic acids in which a halogen atom takes the place of a hydrogen atom in acetic acid. Thus, in a monohaloacetic acid, a single halogen would replace a hydrogen atom. For example, chloroacetic acid would have the structural formula CH2ClCO2H. In the same manner, in dichloroacetic acid two chlorine atoms would take the place of two hydrogen atoms (CHCl2CO2H). The inductive effect caused by the electronegative halogens often result in the higher acidity of these compounds by stabilising the negative charge of the conjugate base.

INFO: Full form for GVL is Gamma Valeroactone in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for BHN is Brinell Hardness Number in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for BAA is Bragg Amino Acids in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for HAT is Hypoxanthine, Aminopterin, Thymidine in Chemistry category
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Nitrox refers to any gas mixture composed (excepting trace gases) of nitrogen and oxygen. This includes atmospheric air, which is approximately 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases, primarily argon. In the usual application, underwater diving, nitrox is normally distinguished from air and handled differently. The most common use of nitrox mixtures containing oxygen in higher proportions than atmospheric air is in scuba diving, where the reduced partial pressure of nitrogen is advantageous in reducing nitrogen uptake in the body's tissues, thereby extending the practicable underwater dive time by reducing the decompression requirement, or reducing the risk of decompression sickness (also known as the bends).

Nitrox is used to a lesser extent in surface-supplied diving, as these advantages are reduced by the more complex logistical requirements for nitrox compared to the use of simple low-pressure compressors for breathing gas supply. Nitrox can also be used in hyperbaric treatment of decompression illness, usually at pressures where pure oxygen would be hazardous. Nitrox is not a safer gas than compressed air in all respects; although its use can reduce the risk of decompression sickness, it increases the risk of oxygen toxicity and fire.

Though not generally referred to as nitrox, an oxygen-enriched air mixture is routinely provided at normal surface ambient pressure as oxygen therapy to patients with compromised respiration and circulation.

INFO: Full form for PRV is Pressure Release Valve in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for RVD is Regulatory Volume Decrease in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for DGL is De Glycyrrhizinated Licorice in Chemistry category
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Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) also sometimes called oligofructose or oligofructan, are oligosaccharide fructans, used as an alternative sweetener. FOS exhibits sweetness levels between 30 and 50 percent of sugar in commercially prepared syrups. It occurs naturally, and its commercial use emerged in the 1980s in response to consumer demand for healthier and calorie-reduced foods.

INFO: Full form for CWT is Continuous Wavelet Transform in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for MLG is Maximum Likelihood Goodness in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for MEE is Minimum Explosive Energy in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for LSE is Low Surface Energy in Chemistry category
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Magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesia, is a white hygroscopic solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase and is a source of magnesium (see also oxide). It has an empirical formula of MgO and consists of a lattice of Mg2+ ions and O2− ions held together by ionic bonding. Magnesium hydroxide forms in the presence of water (MgO + H2O → Mg(OH)2), but it can be reversed by heating it to remove moisture.

Magnesium oxide was historically known as magnesia alba (literally, the white mineral from Magnesia – other sources give magnesia alba as MgCO3), to differentiate it from magnesia negra, a black mineral containing what is now known as manganese.

While "magnesium oxide" normally refers to MgO, magnesium peroxide MgO2 is also known as a compound. According to evolutionary crystal structure prediction, MgO2 is thermodynamically stable at pressures above 116 GPa (gigapascals), and a semiconducting suboxide Mg3O2 is thermodynamically stable above 500 GPa. Because of its stability, MgO is used as a model system for investigating vibrational properties of crystals.

INFO: Full form for VDZ is Valence Double Zeta in Chemistry category
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Valaciclovir, also spelled valacyclovir, is an antiviral medication used to treat outbreaks of herpes simplex or herpes zoster (shingles). It is also used to prevent cytomegalovirus following a kidney transplant in high risk cases. It is taken by mouth.

Common side effects include headache and vomiting. Severe side effects may include kidney problems. Use in pregnancy appears to be safe. It is a prodrug, which works after being converted to aciclovir in a person's body.

Valaciclovir was patented in 1987 and came into medical use in 1995. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2018, it was the 140th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 4 million prescriptions.

INFO: Full form for VTB is Verfahrenstechnische Berichte in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for UVE is Ultraviolet Experiment in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for UUU is Unununium (element 111) in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for UQE is Unquadennium (element 149) in Chemistry category
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Tennessine is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Ts and atomic number 117. It is the second-heaviest known element and the penultimate element of the 7th period of the periodic table.

The discovery of tennessine was officially announced in Dubna, Russia, by a Russian–American collaboration in April 2010, which makes it the most recently discovered element as of 2021. One of its daughter isotopes was created directly in 2011, partially confirming the results of the experiment. The experiment itself was repeated successfully by the same collaboration in 2012 and by a joint German–American team in May 2014. In December 2015, the Joint Working Party of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, which evaluates claims of discovery of new elements, recognized the element and assigned the priority to the Russian–American team. In June 2016, the IUPAC published a declaration stating that the discoverers had suggested the name tennessine after Tennessee, United States, a name which was officially adopted in November 2016.

Tennessine may be located in the "island of stability", a concept that explains why some superheavy elements are more stable compared to an overall trend of decreasing stability for elements beyond bismuth on the periodic table. The synthesized tennessine atoms have lasted tens and hundreds of milliseconds. In the periodic table, tennessine is expected to be a member of group 17, all other members of which are halogens. Some of its properties may differ significantly from those of the halogens due to relativistic effects. As a result, tennessine is expected to be a volatile metal that neither forms anions nor achieves high oxidation states. A few key properties, such as its melting and boiling points and its first ionization energy, are nevertheless expected to follow the periodic trends of the halogens.

INFO: Full form for UUS is Ununseptium (element 117) in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for ULO is Ultra Low Oxygen in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for VHY is Very High Yield in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for UVL is Ultra-violet Lamp in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for TOW is Treatment On Wheels in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for UCK is Universal Chemical Key in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for TOG is Total Oil and Grease in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for TNB is Tri-nitro-benzene in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for TSN is Triptone Sulfite Neomycine in Chemistry category
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Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity). By extension, the word may be metaphorically used to describe toxic effects on larger and more complex groups, such as the family unit or society at large. Sometimes the word is more or less synonymous with poisoning in everyday usage.

A central concept of toxicology is that the effects of a toxicant are dose-dependent; even water can lead to water intoxication when taken in too high a dose, whereas for even a very toxic substance such as snake venom there is a dose below which there is no detectable toxic effect. Considering the limitations of this dose-response concept, a novel Abstract Drug Toxicity Index (DTI) has been proposed recently. DTI redefines drug toxicity, identifies hepatotoxic drugs, gives mechanistic insights, predicts clinical outcomes and has potential as a screening tool. Toxicity is species-specific, making cross-species analysis problematic. Newer paradigms and metrics are evolving to bypass animal testing, while maintaining the concept of toxicity endpoints.

INFO: Full form for NSSC is Neutral Sulfite Semi-chemical in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for PDC is Pretty Darn Confusing in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for FCS is Fluorescence Confocal Spectroscopy in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for ACL is Acyl-homoserine Lactone in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for MACS is Magnetic Cell Separation in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for PEM is Polymer Electrolyte Membrane in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for RCIL is Radiological Chemistry and Imaging Lab in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for RCIL is Radiological Chemistry and Imaging Laboratory in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for MCL is Maximum Critical Leakage in Chemistry category
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