Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Computer and Networking.

INFO: Full form for SSO is Speech Service Option in Computer and Networking category
SSO also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for MW is Mid Wave in Computer and Networking category
MW also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

In cryptography, an initialization vector (IV) or starting variable (SV) is an input to a cryptographic primitive being used to provide the initial state. The IV is typically required to be random or pseudorandom, but sometimes an IV only needs to be unpredictable or unique. Randomization is crucial for some encryption schemes to achieve semantic security, a property whereby repeated usage of the scheme under the same key does not allow an attacker to infer relationships between (potentially similar) segments of the encrypted message. For block ciphers, the use of an IV is described by the modes of operation.

Some cryptographic primitives require the IV only to be non-repeating, and the required randomness is derived internally. In this case, the IV is commonly called a nonce (number used once), and the primitives (e.g. CBC) are considered stateful rather than randomized. This is because an IV need not be explicitly forwarded to a recipient but may be derived from a common state updated at both sender and receiver side. (In practice, a short nonce is still transmitted along with the message to consider message loss.) An example of stateful encryption schemes is the counter mode of operation, which has a sequence number for a nonce.

The IV size depends on the cryptographic primitive used; for block ciphers it is generally the cipher's block-size. In encryption schemes, the unpredictable part of the IV has at best the same size as the key to compensate for time/memory/data tradeoff attacks. When the IV is chosen at random, the probability of collisions due to the birthday problem must be taken into account. Traditional stream ciphers such as RC4 do not support an explicit IV as input, and a custom solution for incorporating an IV into the cipher's key or internal state is needed. Some designs realized in practice are known to be insecure; the WEP protocol is a notable example, and is prone to related-IV attacks.

INFO: Full form for DR is Discrepancy Report in Computer and Networking category
DR also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for DTS is Definitive Telefax Standard in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for DTS is Draft Technical Standard (ETSI) in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for DCS is Digital Command Signal (T.30) in Computer and Networking category
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A cellular network or mobile network is a communication network where the link to and from end nodes is wireless. The network is distributed over land areas called "cells", each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver (typically three cell sites or base transceiver stations). These base stations provide the cell with the network coverage which can be used for transmission of voice, data, and other types of content. A cell typically uses a different set of frequencies from neighboring cells, to avoid interference and provide guaranteed service quality within each cell.

When joined together, these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables numerous portable transceivers (e.g., mobile phones, tablets and laptops equipped with mobile broadband modems, pagers, etc.) to communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and telephones anywhere in the network, via base stations, even if some of the transceivers are moving through more than one cell during transmission.

Cellular networks offer a number of desirable features:

Major telecommunications providers have deployed voice and data cellular networks over most of the inhabited land area of Earth. This allows mobile phones and mobile computing devices to be connected to the public switched telephone network and public Internet access. Private cellular networks can be used for research or for large organizations and fleets, such as dispatch for local public safety agencies or a taxicab company.

INFO: Full form for BOS is Business Object Summit in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for CIT is Charge-Rate Indication Teleservice in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for SIGTRAN is Signaling transport (IETF) in Computer and Networking category
SIGTRAN also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for WI is Waveform Interpolation in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for WI is Work Item in Computer and Networking category
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A table of contents, usually headed simply Contents and abbreviated informally as TOC, is a list, usually found on a page before the start of a written work, of its chapter or section titles or brief descriptions with their commencing page numbers.

INFO: Full form for TOC is Terminated Open Circuit in Computer and Networking category
TOC also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.