Explore topic-wise fullforms in Computer Hardware

INFO: Full form for AVA is Active Vision Agent in Computer Hardware category
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INFO: Full form for AVA is Adaptec Value Adapter in Computer Hardware category
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INFO: Full form for SOL is Serial Over Lan (local Area Network) in Computer Hardware category
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The aspect ratio of an image is the ratio of its width to its height. It is commonly expressed as two numbers separated by a colon, as in 16:9. For an x:y aspect ratio, the image is x units wide and y units high. Widely used aspect ratios include 1.85:1 and 2.39:1 in film photography, 4:3 and 16:9 in television, and 3:2 in still camera photography.

INFO: Full form for DEC is Darn Expensive Component in Computer Hardware category
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INFO: Full form for XA is Extended Architecture in Computer Hardware category
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INFO: Full form for XA is Xopen Architecture in Computer Hardware category
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A voice interface card or VIC is a hardware interface that simulates a FXS on a router or network switch. This device port is used to interface telephone voice or other audio-based FXS devices.

Typically, a VIC contains one or more RJ-11 ports, allowing connections to basic telephone service (POTS), equipment, keysets, and PBXes.

INFO: Full form for Q is Transistor (circuit Diagram Marking) in Computer Hardware category
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INFO: Full form for LVS is Low Volume System in Computer Hardware category
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INFO: Full form for LVS is Layout Vs. Schematic in Computer Hardware category
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INFO: Full form for FMB is Flexible Mother Board in Computer Hardware category
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INFO: Full form for End is End Key in Computer Hardware category
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Noise reduction is the process of removing noise from a signal. Noise reduction techniques exist for audio and images. Noise reduction algorithms may distort the signal to some degree.

All signal processing devices, both analog and digital, have traits that make them susceptible to noise. Noise can be random or white noise with an even frequency distribution, or frequency-dependent noise introduced by a device's mechanism or signal processing algorithms.

In electronic recording devices, a major type of noise is hiss created by random electron motion due to thermal agitation at all temperatures above absolute zero. These agitated electrons rapidly add and subtract from the voltage of the output signal and thus create detectable noise.

In the case of photographic film and magnetic tape, noise (both visible and audible) is introduced due to the grain structure of the medium. In photographic film, the size of the grains in the film determines the film's sensitivity, more sensitive film having larger sized grains. In magnetic tape, the larger the grains of the magnetic particles (usually ferric oxide or magnetite), the more prone the medium is to noise. To compensate for this, larger areas of film or magnetic tape may be used to lower the noise to an acceptable level.

INFO: Full form for CTD is Conner Tape Drive in Computer Hardware category
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INFO: Full form for PAC is Physically Addressed Cache in Computer Hardware category
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INFO: Full form for MI is Mechanical Interlock in Computer Hardware category
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INFO: Full form for MI is Memory Information in Computer Hardware category
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The Intelligent Platform Management Interface (IPMI) is a set of computer interface specifications for an autonomous computer subsystem that provides management and monitoring capabilities independently of the host system's CPU, firmware (BIOS or UEFI) and operating system. IPMI defines a set of interfaces used by system administrators for out-of-band management of computer systems and monitoring of their operation. For example, IPMI provides a way to manage a computer that may be powered off or otherwise unresponsive by using a network connection to the hardware rather than to an operating system or login shell. Another use case may be installing a custom operating system remotely. Without IPMI, installing a custom operating system may require an administrator to be physically present near the computer, insert a DVD or a USB flash drive containing the OS installer and complete the installation process using a monitor and a keyboard. Using IPMI, an administrator can mount an ISO image, simulate an installer DVD, and perform the installation remotely.

The specification is led by Intel and was first published on September 16, 1998. It is supported by more than 200 computer system vendors, such as Cisco, Dell, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Intel, OnLogic, Marvell Semiconductor, NEC Corporation, Supermicro and Tyan.

The successor to the IPMI is Redfish.

The System Management Bus (abbreviated to SMBus or SMB) is a single-ended simple two-wire bus for the purpose of lightweight communication. Most commonly it is found in computer motherboards for communication with the power source for ON/OFF instructions.

It is derived from I²C for communication with low-bandwidth devices on a motherboard, especially power related chips such as a laptop's rechargeable battery subsystem (see Smart Battery System). Other devices might include temperature, fan or voltage sensors, lid switches, clock generator, and RGB lighting. PCI add-in cards may connect to an SMBus segment.

A device can provide manufacturer information, indicate its model/part number, save its state for a suspend event, report different types of errors, accept control parameters and return status. The SMBus is generally not user configurable or accessible. Although SMBus devices usually can't identify their functionality, a new PMBus coalition has extended SMBus to include conventions allowing that.

The SMBus was defined by Intel and Duracell in 1994. It carries clock, data, and instructions and is based on Philips' I²C serial bus protocol. Its clock frequency range is 10 kHz to 100 kHz. (PMBus extends this to 400 kHz.) Its voltage levels and timings are more strictly defined than those of I²C, but devices belonging to the two systems are often successfully mixed on the same bus.

SMBus is used as an interconnect in several platform management standards including: ASF, DASH, IPMI.

SMBus is used to access DRAM configuration information as part of serial presence detect. SMBus has grown into a wide variety of system enumeration use cases other than power management.