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SHORAN is an acronym for SHOrt RAnge Navigation, a type of electronic navigation and bombing system using a precision radar beacon. It was developed during World War II and the first stations were set up in Europe as the war was ending, and was operational with Martin B26 Marauders based in Corsica, and later based in Dijon and in B26's given to the South African Airforce in Italy. The first 10/10 zero visibility bombing was over Germany in March 1945. It saw its first combat use in the B-25, B-26 and B-29 bomber aircraft during the Korean War.

SHORAN used ground-based transponders to respond to interrogation signals sent from the bomber aircraft. By measuring the round-trip time to and from one of the transponders, the distance to that ground station could be accurately determined. The aircraft flew an arcing path that kept it at a predetermined distance from one of the stations. The distance to a second station was also being measured, and when it reached a predetermined distance from that station as well, the bombs were dropped. The basic idea was similar to the Oboe system developed by the Royal Air Force, but in Oboe the transponder was on the aircraft. This limited Oboe to guiding a single aircraft per ground station, while SHORAN could guide dozens, limited only by how rapidity the ground station's transponders could respond.

SHORAN was sent into combat due to the presence of the MiG-15 over Korea, which drove the B-29's from daylight combat in June 1951. Night operations were not very productive and the US Air Force became interested in any way to improve their results. The system was in place and the crews trained by November 1952, and SHORAN remained in use from then until the end of the war. It was particularly effective during early 1953 when the North Korean Air Force began to re-equip in case a new offense opened. B-29's began the campaign, but only a dozen aircraft were available, so they were soon supplanted by B-26s to maintain constant bombing of the airfields. The possible offensive never occurred; the armistice was signed in July. It was not used after that point, due to Strategic Air Command's increasing focus on long-range bombing with nuclear weapons.

Although SHORAN was used by the military only briefly, surplus equipment soon found a new use in the oil and gas industry, where it was used to position ships with high accuracy for seismic measurements.

INFO: Full form for SHORADS is Short-Range Air Defense Systems in Governmental category

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National Higher Education Fund Corporation (Malay: Perbadanan Tabung Pendidikan Tinggi Nasional), abbreviated PTPTN is an authority responsible for giving study loans to students pursuing tertiary education in Malaysia. This agency is under Ministry of Higher Education.

The PTPTN's Chairman is Wan Saiful Wan Jan, former chief executive of the Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs, ex-Pakatan Harapan candidate for Pendang.

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The United States European Command (EUCOM) is one of the eleven unified combatant commands of the United States military, headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany. Its area of focus covers 21,000,000 square miles (54,000,000 km2) and 51 countries and territories, including Europe, Russia, Greenland, and Israel. The Commander of the United States EUCOM simultaneously serves as the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (SACEUR) within NATO, a military alliance. During the Gulf War and Operation Northern Watch, EUCOM controlled the forces flying from Incirlik Air Base.

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The Planning Domain Definition Language (PDDL) is an attempt to standardize Artificial Intelligence (AI) planning languages. It was first developed by Drew McDermott and his colleagues in 1998 (inspired by STRIPS and ADL among others) mainly to make the 1998/2000 International Planning Competition (IPC) possible, and then evolved with each competition. The standardization provided by PDDL has the benefit of making research more reusable and easily comparable, though at the cost of some expressive power, compared to domain-specific systems.

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The Ontario Professional Planners Institute (OPPI) is the recognized voice of the province's planning profession. OPPI provides leadership on policy related to community planning, development, the environment, and related issues. As the Ontario affiliate of the Canadian Institute of Planners (CIP), OPPI represents approximately 3,500 practising planners across the province and approximately 500 student members. OPPI members work for government, private industry, community agencies, and academic institutions.

OPPI shares information, data and ideas through the Knowledge Centre and provides leadership and Advocacy on planning issues that matter most to the people of Ontario.

OPPI members are committed to creating and fostering healthy communities throughout Ontario. Planners recognize how land-use planning decisions shape communities in many ways - obesity, heart disease, mental health, social isolation, nutrition, and air quality. In keeping with this commitment, OPPI issued a position paper called Healthy Communities, Sustainable Communities, several Calls to Action have been released and the Institute recently partnered with the Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing on a publication entitled Planning by Design: A Healthy Communities Handbook. These efforts explore the links between public health and land use planning and includes strategies for collaborating on tangible actions that result in healthier communities.

OPPI partners include the Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing and the Heart & Stroke Foundation of Ontario.

OPPI derives its mandate from the Ontario Professional Planners Institute Act and is led by a volunteer Council elected by the membership. Online nominations to participate as a member of Council are accepted annually between February 1 and April 1. Council is supported by Standing Committees, District Teams, Program Committees and Strategy Groups.

The Ontario Professional Planners Institute Act came into force December 9, 1994. Some key provisions include OPPI's Mandate, Protected Title and RPP Designation, Penalty for Misuse, Professional Code of Practice and Right to Practice.

A not-for-profit Ontario Corporation, OPPI is funded entirely by membership fees, program and activity revenues. These may include advertisements in the Ontario Planning Journal and Naming and Sponsorship Opportunities.

OPPI is currently pursuing legislative change to enable regulation of the planning profession. The institute has a mandatory program of Continuous Professional Learning as a requirement of membership to ensure RPPs remain current with contemporary practice and effective in the dynamic environment facing planners today.

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