Explore topic-wise fullforms in Current Affairs

INFO: Full form for PNSSN is Personnelman (supervisor-women's Reserve) Seaman in Governmental category

INFO: Full form for PNSSR is Part Number Supply Support Request in Governmental category
PNSSR also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for EEWE is Employee Evaluation Of Work Experience in Governmental category

INFO: Full form for PNSSR is Personnelman (supervisor-women's Reserve) Seaman Recruit in Governmental category
PNSSR also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) is a government-aided institute and deemed university for the study and research of space science, located at Valiamala, Nedumangad,Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. It is the first university in Asia to be solely dedicated to the study and research of Outer space. It was inaugurated on 14 September 2007 by G. Madhavan Nair, the then Chairman of ISRO. IIST was set up by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) under the Department of Space, Government of India. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, former President of India, was the Chancellor of IIST.IIST offers regular engineering undergraduate, postgraduate and doctorate programmes with focus on space science, technology and applications.

INFO: Full form for IISSSC is Indian Iron and Steel Sector Skill Council in Governmental category
IISSSC also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for IISSSC is Indian Iron Steel Sector Skill Council in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for ENCA is Environmental Network for Central America in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for EGUN is Electron GUN (fast pulse) in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for ENCATT is Engineer Combined Arms Tactical Trainer in Governmental category

INFO: Full form for EGVW is Elected Gross Vehicle Weight in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for FSUTMS is Florida Standard Urban Transportation Model Structure in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for FSUTMS is Florida Standard Urban Transportation Molding Structure in Governmental category
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The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), was the first large greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme in the world. It was launched in 2005 to fight global warming and is a major pillar of EU energy policy. As of 2013, the EU ETS covers more than 11,000 factories, power stations, and other installations with a net heat excess of 20 MW in 31 countries—all 27 EU member states plus Iceland, Norway, Liechtenstein and United Kingdom. In 2008, the installations regulated by the EU ETS were collectively responsible for close to half of the EU's anthropogenic emissions of CO2 and 40% of its total greenhouse gas emissions. By 2020 the EU hopes to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 20% compared with 1990 and to increase energy efficiency by 20%. A 2020 study estimated that the EU ETS had reduced CO2 emissions by more than 1 billion tons between 2008 and 2016 or 3.8% of total EU-wide emissions.

Under the 'cap and trade' principle, a maximum (cap) is set on the total amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted by all participating installations. EU Allowances for emissions are then auctioned off or allocated for free, and can subsequently be traded. Installations must monitor and report their CO2 emissions, ensuring they hand in enough allowances to the authorities to cover their emissions. If emission exceeds what is permitted by its allowances, an installation must purchase allowances from others. Conversely, if an installation has performed well at reducing its emissions, it can sell its leftover credits. This allows the system to find the most cost-effective ways of reducing emissions without significant government intervention.

The scheme has been divided into a number of "trading periods". The first ETS trading period lasted three years, from January 2005 to December 2007. The second trading period ran from January 2008 until December 2012, coinciding with the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. The third trading period began in January 2013 and will span until December 2020. Compared to 2005, when the EU ETS was first implemented, the proposed caps for 2020 represents a 21% reduction of greenhouse gases. This target has been reached six years early as emissions in the ETS fell to 1812 million tonnes in 2014.

The EU ETS has seen a number of significant changes, with the first trading period described as a 'learning by doing' phase. Phase III sees a turn to auctioning more permits rather than allocating freely (in 2013, over 40% of the allowances were auctioned); harmonisation of rules for the remaining allocations; and the inclusion of other greenhouse gases, such as nitrous oxide and perfluorocarbons. In 2012, the EU ETS was also extended to the airline industry, though this only applies within the EEA. The price of EU ETS carbon credits has been lower than intended, with a large surplus of allowances, in part because of the impact of the recent economic crisis on demand. In 2012, the Commission said it would delay the auctioning of some allowances. Currently legislation is under way which would introduce a Market Stability Reserve to the EU ETS that adjusts the annual supply of CO2 permits based on the CO2 permits in circulation. European Parliament recently backed former MEP Ian Duncan’s proposals to revise the EU’s Emissions Trading System (ETS) to cut emissions across Europe. The new scheme will impose a cap on carbon emissions for 31 countries.

INFO: Full form for DYNATIC is Dynamic Analysis of the Theater Intelligence Center in Governmental category

INFO: Full form for DYNTACS-X is Dynamic Tactical Simulator (computer model) in Governmental category

The Duke of York's Royal Military School, more commonly called the Duke of York's, is a co-educational academy (for students aged 11 to 18) with military traditions in Dover, Kent. Since becoming an academy in 2010, the school is now sponsored by the Ministry of Defence, and accepts applications from any student wishing to board. Before 2010, only those students whose parents were serving or had served in the armed forces were eligible.

With the transition to academy status, the school became a state boarding academy (and is both a member of the State Boarding Forum and Boarding Schools Association) and oversight transferred from the Ministry of Defence to the Department for Education.

Duke of York's has many traditions and rich history, which includes ceremonial parades and uniforms, a monitorial style of education modelled on the English public school system.

This rich history includes a long line of notable alumni, known as Dukies, including senior generals (such as Sir Archibald Nye, Gary Coward and David Mark Cullen), famous musicians (such as Henry Lazarus), sportsmen (like Maurice Colclough), many leading academic scientists (including Professors Paul Shaw, Timothy Foster and Mark Gardiner) and clergymen (James Jones and Bill Ind) and a long list of decorated armed forces personnel.

HOTAS, an acronym of hands on throttle-and-stick, is the concept of placing buttons and switches on the throttle lever and flight control stick in an aircraft's cockpit. By adopting such an arrangement, pilots are capable of performing all vital functions as well as flying the aircraft without having to remove their hands from the controls.

HOTAS was originally applied to military aircraft, starting with the British interceptor aircraft, the English Electric Lightning, in the late 1950s. The concept quickly spread to numerous other aircraft, such as the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, Mikoyan MiG-29, and Eurofighter Typhoon. In more modern implementations, it is often combined with several other input systems, such as direct voice input and helmet mounted display, to further reduce workload upon pilots as well as the need to divide their attention between the primary controls and other systems. Outside of the cockpit, the Ground Control Stations (GCS) used by drone operators have commonly implemented HOTAS principles as well. Outside of the aviation sector, the HOTAS concept has made a noticeable impact upon both the road vehicle and gaming industries.

INFO: Full form for EGTRRA is Economic Growth And Tax Relief Reconciliation Act in Governmental category
EGTRRA also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for BCAIR is British Commonwealth Air Force in Governmental category

The Environmental Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology, or ERAST program was a NASA program to develop cost-effective, slow-flying unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that can perform long-duration science missions at altitudes above 60,000 feet. The project included a number of technology development programs conducted by the joint NASA-industry ERAST Alliance. The project was formally terminated in 2003.

INFO: Full form for BPSRG is Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group in Governmental category

The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 was a major piece of tax legislation passed by the 107th United States Congress and signed by President George W. Bush. It is also known by its abbreviation EGTRRA (often pronounced "egg-tra" or "egg-terra"), and is often referred to as one of the two "Bush tax cuts".

Bush had made tax cuts the centerpiece of his campaign in the 2000 presidential election, and he introduced a major tax cut proposal shortly after taking office. Though a handful of Democrats supported the bill, most support came from congressional Republicans. The bill was passed by Congress in May 2001, and signed into law by Bush on June 7, 2001. Due to the narrow Republican majority in the United States Senate, EGTRRA was passed using the reconciliation process, which bypasses the Senate filibuster.

EGTRRA lowered federal income tax rates, reducing the top tax rate from 39.6 percent to 35 percent and reducing rates for several other tax brackets. The act also reduced capital gain taxes, raised pre-tax contribution limits for defined contribution plans and Individual Retirement Accounts, and eliminated the estate tax. In 2003, Bush signed another bill, the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003, which contained further tax cuts and accelerated certain tax changes that were part of EGTRRA. Due to the rules concerning reconciliation, EGTRRA contained a sunset provision that would end the tax cuts in 2011, but most of the cuts were made permanent with the passage of the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012.

INFO: Full form for DBS (CDRH) is Division of Biostatistics (CDRH) in Governmental category

INFO: Full form for DEAPS is Department of Earth Atmosphere and Planetary Science in Governmental category

INFO: Full form for DEAPU is Diesel External Auxiliary Power Unit in Governmental category

The President George Bush Turnpike (PGBT) is a 52-mile (84 km) toll road running through the northern, northeastern and western suburbs, forming a partial loop around Dallas, Texas, United States. It is named for the late George H. W. Bush, the 41st President of the United States. At its west end near Belt Line Road in Irving, State Highway 161 (SH 161) continues southwest to Interstate 20 (I-20) in Grand Prairie. The discontinuous free frontage roads along the turnpike from I-35E in Carrollton east to its end at I-30 in Garland are assigned the State Highway 190 (SH 190) designation. SH 190 signage appears only along the Rowlett, Garland, Richardson, Plano, and Carrollton sections of the frontage road with the undersign "frontage road only". At intersections with city streets, only the Bush Turnpike signs are displayed, not the SH 190 signage. Prior to the construction of the main lanes as a tollway, SH 190 was used as the name of the planned main lanes too. Similarly, the part west of I-35E was planned as part of SH 161. Bush Turnpike is signed as a north–south road from I-20 to I-35E (the "Western Extension"), an east–west road from I-35E to the Merritt Main Lane Gantry (the original sections) and as a north–south road from the Merritt Main Lane Gantry to I-30 (the "Eastern Extension"), as Bush Turnpike makes a nearly 90-degree curve in both places.

The turnpike is operated by the North Texas Tollway Authority (NTTA). Currently, all maintenance is done under a five-year total routine maintenance (TRM) contract with Roy Jorgensen Associates, Inc. based in Buckeystown, Maryland, that started in November 2011.

The turnpike passes through three Texas counties (Dallas, Collin and Denton) and nine Dallas suburbs (Rowlett, Sachse, Garland, Richardson, Plano, Carrollton, Farmers Branch, Irving, and Grand Prairie).

Originally the PGBT was equipped with traditional toll plazas for cash payment as well as RFID-based TollTag express lanes. However, on July 1, 2009 the cash plazas were closed and replaced with "ZipCash", an OCR-based camera system which reads the license plate and bills the owner by mail. This made the turnpike the first in the United States to transition to all-electronic toll collection. The ZipCash rates, however, come at a premium being significantly higher than both the TollTag rate and the earlier cash prices.

INFO: Full form for A3MP is Armor/ Anti-Armor Master Plan in Governmental category

INFO: Full form for EKSG is Europese Kolen en Staal Gemeenschap in Governmental category

INFO: Full form for CTYSN is Communications Technican (clerk) Seaman in Governmental category

INFO: Full form for DVVD is Dual Vision and Viewing Device in Governmental category

INFO: Full form for AETM2 is Aviation Electronics Technician's Mate Petty Officer 2nd Class in Governmental category

INFO: Full form for HNDLER is HaNDLER in Governmental category

INFO: Full form for AETM1 is Aviation Electronics Technician's Mate Petty Officer 1st Class in Governmental category

INFO: Full form for AETM3 is Aviation Electronics Technician's Mate Petty Officer 3rd Class in Governmental category

INFO: Full form for DVSP is Display Visibility Study Program in Governmental category

INFO: Full form for CTYSA is Communications Technican (clerk) Seaman Apprentice in Governmental category

INFO: Full form for CTYSR is Communications Technican (clerk) Seaman Recruit in Governmental category

INFO: Full form for PGB (CFSAN) is Policy Guidance Branch (CFSAN) in Governmental category

INFO: Full form for PGBA is Plant Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for A4 is Automatic Four Speed in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for DBC (CFSAN) is Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry (CFSAN) in Governmental category

A gunsmith is a person who repairs, modifies, designs, or builds guns. The occupation differs from an armorer, who usually replaces only worn parts in standard firearms. Gunsmiths do modifications and changes to a firearm that may require a very high level of craftsmanship, requiring the skills of a top-level machinist, a very skilled woodworker, and even an engineer. Gunsmiths perform factory-level repairs and renovations to restore a well-used or deteriorated firearms to new condition. They may make alterations to adapt sporting guns to better fit the individual shooter that may require extensive modifications to the firearm's stocks and metal parts. Repairs and redesigns may require fabrication and fitting of unavailable parts and assemblies constructed by smiths themselves. Gunsmiths may also renew metal finishes or apply decorative carvings or engravings to guns. Many gun shops offer gunsmithing service on the premises.

The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), or Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC), is a disarmament treaty that effectively bans biological and toxin weapons by prohibiting their development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling and use. The treaty's full name is the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction.

Having entered into force on 26 March 1975, the BWC was the first multilateral disarmament treaty to ban the production of an entire category of weapons of mass destruction. The convention is of unlimited duration. As of September 2021, 183 states have become party to the treaty. Four additional states have signed but not ratified the treaty, and another ten states have neither signed nor acceded to the treaty.

The BWC is considered to have established a strong global norm against biological weapons. This norm is reflected in the treaty's preamble, which states that the use of biological weapons would be "repugnant to the conscience of mankind". It is also demonstrated by the fact that not a single state today declares to possess or seek biological weapons, or asserts that their use in war is legitimate. In light of the rapid advances in biotechnology, biodefense expert Daniel Gerstein has described the BWC as "the most important arms control treaty of the twenty-first century". However, the convention's effectiveness has been limited due to insufficient institutional support and the absence of any formal verification regime to monitor compliance.

INFO: Full form for BCTD is Battle Command Training Directorate in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for CC(L) is Close Combat (Light) in Governmental category

The Alaska Statutes comprise the statutory law of the U.S. state of Alaska, and consists of the codified legislation of the Alaska Legislature.

INFO: Full form for ALASP is Action Languages Answer Sets and Planning in Governmental category

INFO: Full form for ALAST is Advanced Laser Spot Tracker in Governmental category

INFO: Full form for AMVER is Automated Mutual Assistance Vessel Rescue System in Governmental category
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