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INFO: Full form for RVW is Right Ventricular Work in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for RVW is Right Ventricular Wall in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MPVC is Mount Pleasant Veterinary Centre in Medical category
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Ritonavir (RTV), sold under the brand name Norvir, is an antiretroviral medication used along with other medications to treat HIV/AIDS. This combination treatment is known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Often a low dose is used with other protease inhibitors. It may also be used in combination with other medications for hepatitis C. It is taken by mouth. The capsules of the medication do not work the same as the tablets.

Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and numbness of the hands and feet. Serious side effects include liver problems, pancreatitis, allergic reactions, and arrythmias. Serious interactions may occur with a number of other medications including amiodarone and simvastatin. At low doses it is considered to be acceptable for use during pregnancy. Ritonavir is of the protease inhibitor class. Typically, however, it is used to inhibit the enzyme that metabolizes other protease inhibitors. This inhibition allows lower doses of these latter medication to be used.

Ritonavir was patented in 1989 and came into medical use in 1996. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Ritonavir capsules were approved as a generic medication in the United States in 2020.

INFO: Full form for VPV is Vortex Population Viability in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TCTR is Translational Cancer Therapy Research in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TCTR is Thai Clinical Trials Registry in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for QMT is Quantitative muscle testing in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for VPX is Virtual Private Exchange in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for OPTP is Orthopaedic Physical Therapy Practice in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for OPTP is Orthopedic Physical Therapy Products in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for RSVD is Rice stripe virus disease in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for RSVT is Recurrent Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for PAVE is Partnership For Aids Vaccine Evaluation in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for VPCL is Virtual Process Control Laboratory in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for OCSP is Obsessive Compulsive Service Processor in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for SHAP is Senior Health Assistance Program in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for LTTS is Little Tesoros Therapy Services in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for RTAD is Retrograde Type A aortic Dissection in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for QCI is QIAGEN Clinical Insight in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for QDN is Queenslanders with Disability Network in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TMTS is Too Much Truck Syndrome in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TMTS is Too Many Tabs Syndrome in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for RSX is Rydin Smooth X in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for RNV is Radio- Nuclear Ventriculography in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for VHG is Veterans Health Gateway in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for VHG is Village Health Guide in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TMAC is Tricare Maximum Allowable Charge in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TMAC is Texas Medical Allergy Chiropractic in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for VHG is Vision Hospitality Group in Medical category
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microbes evolve mechanisms that protect them from the effects of antimicrobials. Antibiotic resistance is a subset of AMR, that applies specifically to bacteria that become resistant to antibiotics. Infections caused by resistant microbes are more difficult to treat, requiring higher doses of antimicrobial drugs, or alternative medications which may prove more toxic. These approaches may also be more expensive. Microbes resistant to multiple antimicrobials are called multidrug resistant (MDR).

All classes of microbes can evolve resistance. Fungi evolve antifungal resistance. Viruses evolve antiviral resistance. Protozoa evolve antiprotozoal resistance, and bacteria evolve antibiotic resistance. Those bacteria that are considered extensively drug resistant (XDR) or totally drug-resistant (TDR) are sometimes called "superbugs". Resistance in bacteria can arise naturally by genetic mutation, or by one species acquiring resistance from another. Resistance can appear spontaneously because of random mutations. However, extended use of antimicrobials appears to encourage selection for mutations which can render antimicrobials ineffective.

The prevention of antibiotic misuse, which can lead to antibiotic resistance, includes taking antibiotics only when prescribed. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics are preferred over broad-spectrum antibiotics when possible, as effectively and accurately targeting specific organisms is less likely to cause resistance, as well as side effects. For people who take these medications at home, education about proper use is essential. Health care providers can minimize spread of resistant infections by use of proper sanitation and hygiene, including handwashing and disinfecting between patients, and should encourage the same of the patient, visitors, and family members.

Rising drug resistance is caused mainly by use of antimicrobials in humans and other animals, and spread of resistant strains between the two. Growing resistance has also been linked to releasing inadequately treated effluents from the pharmaceutical industry, especially in countries where bulk drugs are manufactured. Antibiotics increase selective pressure in bacterial populations, causing vulnerable bacteria to die; this increases the percentage of resistant bacteria which continue growing. Even at very low levels of antibiotic, resistant bacteria can have a growth advantage and grow faster than vulnerable bacteria. As resistance to antibiotics becomes more common there is greater need for alternative treatments. Calls for new antibiotic therapies have been issued, but new drug development is becoming rarer.

Antimicrobial resistance is increasing globally due to increased prescription and dispensing of antibiotic drugs in developing countries. Estimates are that 700,000 to several million deaths result per year and continues to pose a major public health threat worldwide. Each year in the United States, at least 2.8 million people become infected with bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics and at least 35,000 people die and US$55 billion in increased health care costs and lost productivity. According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, three hundred and fifty million deaths could be caused by AMR by 2050. By then, the yearly death toll will be ten million, according to a United Nations report.

There are public calls for global collective action to address the threat that include proposals for international treaties on antimicrobial resistance. Worldwide antibiotic resistance is not completely identified, but poorer countries with weaker healthcare systems are more affected. During the COVID-19 pandemic, action against antimicrobial resistance slowed due to scientists focusing more on SARS-CoV-2 research.

INFO: Full form for QDS is Quater in Die Sumendus in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for QDS is Qualification and Documentation System in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for SAVR is Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Medical category
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Tipranavir (TPV), or tipranavir disodium, is a nonpeptidic protease inhibitor (PI) manufactured by Boehringer Ingelheim under the trade name Aptivus AP-tiv-əs. It is administered with ritonavir in combination therapy to treat HIV infection.

Tipranavir has the ability to inhibit the replication of viruses that are resistant to other protease inhibitors and it recommended for patients who are resistant to other treatments. Resistance to tipranavir itself seems to require multiple mutations. Tipranavir was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on June 22, 2005, and was approved for pediatric use on June 24, 2008.

Tipranavir should only be taken in combination with ritonavir and other antiretroviral drugs, and is not approved for treatment-naïve patients. Like lopinavir and atazanavir, it is very potent and is effective in salvage therapy for patients with drug resistance. However, side effects of tipranavir may be more severe than those of other antiretrovirals. Some side effects include intracranial hemorrhage, hepatitis, hepatic decompensation, hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus. The drug has also been shown to cause increases in total cholesterol and triglycerides.

Aptivus labeling has a black box warning regarding hepatotoxicity and intracranial hemorrhage.

INFO: Full form for VWT is Vessel Wall Thickness in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for RMV is Respiratory Minute Volume in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for UDT is Urine Drug Testing in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for UDT is Urine Drug Test in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for NGTS is Next generation tumor sequencing in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for VVT is Verbond der Vlaamse Tandartsen in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for VWF is Vibration-Induced White Finger in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for VVP is Vaginal Vault Prolapse in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TRTT is Testosterone Replacement Therapy Treatment in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TRTT is Tinnitus Retraining Therapy Trial in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for SEWG is Statewide Epidemiology Work Group in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for PDAC is Psychopharmacologic Drugs Advisory Committee in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TATI is Tumor Associated Trypsin Inhibitor in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for ORCC is Outward Rectifying Chloride Channels in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for UEV is Ubiquitin E2 Variant in Medical category
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