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The Medicaid Drug Rebate Program is a program in the United States that was created by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (OBRA'90).

The program establishes mandatory rebates that drug manufacturers must pay state Medicaid agencies related to the dispensing of outpatient prescription drugs covered by Medicaid. To participate in the program, drug manufacturers must have a National Drug Rebate Agreement with the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). As of 2020, approximately 600 pharmaceutics companies participated in the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program. Rebate amounts are confidential under section 1927(b)(3)(D) of the Social Security Act.

The Medicaid Drug Rebate Program also provides for savings in other Federal health care programs. Signing the National Drug Rebate Agreement also requires drug manufacturers to enter into agreements for the 340B Drug Pricing Program as well as the Federal Supply Schedule.

INFO: Full form for MDRP is Medical Data Review Plan in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDRV is Microbial Drug Resistance and Virulence in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDRRC is Movement Disorders Research and Rehabilitation Centre in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDS/RAI/PPS is Minimum Data Set / Resident Assessment Protocols / Prospective Payment System in Medical category

Renal functions include maintaining an acid–base balance; regulating fluid balance; regulating sodium, potassium, and other electrolytes; clearing toxins; absorption of glucose, amino acids, and other small molecules; regulation of blood pressure; production of various hormones, such as erythropoietin; and activation of vitamin D.

One of the measures of kidney function is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).Glomerular filtration rate describes the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney. Creatinine clearance rate (CCr or CrCl) is the volume of blood plasma that is cleared of creatinine per unit time and is a useful measure for approximating the GFR. Creatinine clearance exceeds GFR due to creatinine secretion, which can be blocked by cimetidine. Both GFR and CCr may be accurately calculated by comparative measurements of substances in the blood and urine, or estimated by formulas using just a blood test result (eGFR and eCCr) The results of these tests are used to assess the excretory function of the kidneys. Staging of chronic kidney disease is based on categories of GFR as well as albuminuria and cause of kidney disease.

The normal range of GFR, adjusted for body surface area, is 100–130 average 125 mL/min/1.73m2 in men and 90–120 mL/min/1.73m2 in women younger than the age of 40. In children, GFR measured by inulin clearance is 110 mL/min/1.73 m2 until 2 years of age in both sexes, and then it progressively decreases. After age 40, GFR decreases progressively with age, by 0.4–1.2 mL/min per year.

Estimated GFR (eGFR) is now recommended by clinical practice guidelines and regulatory agencies for routine evaluation of GFR whereas measured GFR (mGFR) is recommended as a confirmatory test when more accurate assessment is required.

INFO: Full form for MDRD is Modified Diet in Renal Disease in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDRD is Modification of Diet in Renal Diseases in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDRD is Michigan Disability Resource Directory in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDRD is Medical Device Reprocessing Department in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDRD is Medical Device Reprocessing Dept in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDRD 6 is Modification of Diet in Renal Disease calculated on 6 variables (age, sex, ethnicity, serum creatinine, urea, and albumin ) in Medical category

Disability Rights International (DRI), formerly Mental Disability Rights International, is a Washington, DC based human rights advocacy organization dedicated to promoting the human rights and full participation in society of persons with disabilities worldwide. DRI documents conditions, publishes reports, and promotes international oversight of the rights of persons with disabilities.

DRI was founded in 1993 by attorney Eric Rosenthal and jointly established by the Washington College of Law Center for Human Rights and the Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law. Since 1993, DRI has expanded offices into three countries including Serbia, Mexico, and Ukraine.

INFO: Full form for MDPP is Medicare Diabetes Prevention Program in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for OMHS is Owensboro Medical Health System in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDPC is Medical Device Packaging Committee in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDPP is Minority Diabetes Prevention Program in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDPV is methylene-dioxypyrovalerone in Medical category
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Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a form of tuberculosis (TB) infection caused by bacteria that are resistant to treatment with at least two of the most powerful first-line anti-TB medications (drugs), isoniazid and rifampin. Some forms of TB are also resistant to second-line medications, and are called extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB).

Tuberculosis is caused by infection with the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Almost one in four people in the world are infected with TB bacteria. Only when the bacteria become active do people become ill with TB. Bacteria become active as a result of anything that can reduce the person's immunity, such as HIV, advancing age, diabetes or other immunocompromising illnesses. TB can usually be treated with a course of four standard, or first-line, anti-TB drugs (i.e., isoniazid, rifampin and any fluoroquinolone).

However, beginning with the first antibiotic treatment for TB in 1943, some strains of the TB bacteria developed resistance to the standard drugs through genetic changes (see mechanisms.) Currently the majority of multidrug-resistant cases of TB are due to one strain of TB bacteria called the Beijing lineage. This process accelerates if incorrect or inadequate treatments are used, leading to the development and spread of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). Incorrect or inadequate treatment may be due to use of the wrong medications, use of only one medication (standard treatment is at least two drugs), not taking medication consistently or for the full treatment period (treatment is required for several months). Treatment of MDR-TB requires second-line drugs (i.e., fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and others), which in general are less effective, more toxic and much more expensive than first-line drugs. Treatment schedules for MDR-TB involving fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides can run for 2 years, compared to the 6 months of first-line drug treatment, and cost over US$100,000. If these second-line drugs are prescribed or taken incorrectly, further resistance can develop leading to XDR-TB.

Resistant strains of TB are already present in the population, so MDR-TB can be directly transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person. In this case a previously untreated person develops a new case of MDR-TB. This is known as primary MDR-TB, and is responsible for up to 75% of cases. Acquired MDR-TB develops when a person with a non-resistant strain of TB is treated inadequately, resulting in the development of antibiotic resistance in the TB bacteria infecting them. These people can in turn infect other people with MDR-TB.

MDR-TB caused an estimated 600,000 new TB cases and 240,000 deaths in 2016 and MDR-TB accounts for 4.1% of all new TB cases and 19% of previously treated cases worldwide. Globally, most MDR-TB cases occur in South America, Southern Africa, India, China, and the former Soviet Union.

Treatment of MDR-TB requires treatment with second-line drugs, usually four or more anti-TB drugs for a minimum of 6 months, and possibly extending for 18–24 months if rifampin resistance has been identified in the specific strain of TB with which the patient has been infected. Under ideal program conditions, MDR-TB cure rates can approach 70%.

INFO: Full form for OMHO is Office of Mental Health Operations in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for OMHS is Oriental Medicine and Health Services in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDPP is Medical Device Protection Program in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDPC is Medical Device Privacy Consortium's in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDPC is Medical Device Privacy Consortium in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDPGA is Massively Distributed Parallel Genetic Algorithm in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDPP is Medical Device Partnering Program in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDPOA is Medical Durable Power Of Attorney in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for OMIE is Online Medical Information Exchange in Medical category

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a continuously updated catalog of human genes and genetic disorders and traits, with a particular focus on the gene-phenotype relationship. As of 28 June 2019, approximately 9,000 of the over 25,000 entries in OMIM represented phenotypes; the rest represented genes, many of which were related to known phenotypes.

INFO: Full form for OMFS is Oral and MaxilloFacial Surgery in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDMI is Multiple Disabilities Medically Intense in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for OMFS is Official Medical Fee Schedule in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDMI is Modular Deployable Medical Infrastructure in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDMR is Monogenic Diabetes Mellitus Registry in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for OMFU is oral and maxillofacial unit in Medical category

INFO: Full form for MDMW is My Diabetes My Way in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDND is Medical Device News Desk in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDNE is Mouse Duodenal Nuclear Extracts in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for OMHO is Office of Mental Health Ombudsman in Medical category
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The Oregon Medical Insurance Pool (OMIP), instituted in 1987, is designed to provide medical insurance coverage for residents of the state of Oregon with pre-existing conditions (i.e. HIV/AIDS, diabetes, etc.) who do not already have private insurance. OMIP is administered by Oregon's Office of Private Health Partnerships through Blue Cross/Blue Shield. It functions similarly to other private insurance.

INFO: Full form for OMIS is Oncology Medical Informatics Services in Medical category
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The Mental Health Act (the Act) is an Ontario law which regulates the administration of Mental health care. The main purpose of the law is to regulate the involuntary admission of people into a psychiatric hospital. Since the changes brought about in 2000 under Bill 68 (often referred to as Brian's Law, named after Brian Smith who was shot dead in 1995 by a person suffering from paranoid schizophrenia), the Act allows for a community treatment order by the attending physician. This order is intended to provide comprehensive treatment outside of a psychiatric facility.

INFO: Full form for MDRO is Multi Drug Resistant Organisms in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDRI is Mental Disability Rights Initiative in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDRP is Maximum Drug Retail Prices in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDRP is Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogen in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDRO is MultiDrug-Resistant Organism in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDRP is Maximum Drug Retail Price in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDRO is Multiple Drug Resistant Organisms in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MDLO is Medical Device Liaison Officer in Medical category
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