Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Networking.

INFO: Full form for NBAC is Network Based Application Control in Networking category
NBAC also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for Kbps is Kilo bits per second in Networking category
Kbps also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

In IP-based computer networks, virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) is a technology that allows multiple instances of a routing table to co-exist within the same router at the same time. One or more logical or physical interfaces may have a VRF and these VRFs do not share routes therefore the packets are only forwarded between interfaces on the same VRF. VRFs are the TCP/IP layer 3 equivalent of a VLAN. Because the routing instances are independent, the same or overlapping IP addresses can be used without conflicting with each other. Network functionality is improved because network paths can be segmented without requiring multiple routers.

INFO: Full form for CCDP is Co-channel Dual Polarization in Networking category
CCDP also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

Cisco Certifications are the list of the Certifications offered by Cisco Systems. There are four or five (path to network designers) levels of certification: Associate (CCNA/CCDA), Professional (CCNP/CCDP), Expert (CCIE/CCDE) and recently Architect (CCAr: CCDE previous), as well as nine different paths for the specific technical field; Routing & Switching, Design, Industrial Network, Network Security, Service Provider, Service Provider Operations, Storage Networking, Voice, Datacenter and Wireless.
There are also a number of the specialist technician, sales, Business, data center certifications, CCAI certified instructor (Cisco Academy Instructor).

In computer networking, IP over Avian Carriers (IPoAC) is a proposal to carry Internet Protocol (IP) traffic by birds such as homing pigeons. IP over Avian Carriers was initially described in RFC 1149, a Request for Comments (RFC) issued by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), written by D. Waitzman, and released on April 1, 1990. It is one of several April Fools' Day Request for Comments.

Waitzman described an improvement of his protocol in RFC 2549, IP over Avian Carriers with Quality of Service (1 April 1999). Later, in RFC 6214—released on 1 April 2011, and 13 years after the introduction of IPv6—Brian Carpenter and Robert Hinden published Adaptation of RFC 1149 for IPv6.

IPoAC has been successfully implemented, but for only nine packets of data, with a packet loss ratio of 55% (due to operator error), and a response time ranging from 3,000 seconds (≈50 minutes) to over 6,000 seconds (≈1.77 hours). Thus, this technology suffers from poor latency.

Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer and Windows Internet Explorer, commonly abbreviated IE or MSIE) is a deprecated series of graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft and included in the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, starting in 1995. It was first released as part of the add-on package Plus! for Windows 95 that year. Later versions were available as free downloads, or in-service packs, and included in the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) service releases of Windows 95 and later versions of Windows. New feature development for the browser was discontinued in 2016 in favor of new browser Microsoft Edge. Since Internet Explorer is a Windows component and is included in long-term lifecycle versions of Windows such as Windows Server 2019, it will continue to receive security updates until at least 2029. Microsoft 365 ended support for Internet Explorer on August 17, 2021, and Microsoft Teams ended support for IE on November 30, 2020. Internet Explorer will be discontinued on June 15, 2022, after which, the alternative will be Microsoft Edge with IE mode for legacy sites.

Internet Explorer was once the most widely used web browser, attaining a peak of about 95% usage share by 2003. This came after Microsoft used bundling to win the first browser war against Netscape, which was the dominant browser in the 1990s. Its usage share has since declined with the launch of Firefox (2004) and Google Chrome (2008), and with the growing popularity of mobile operating systems such as Android and iOS that do not support Internet Explorer.

Estimates for Internet Explorer's market share in 2021 are about 0.57% across all platforms, or by StatCounter's numbers ranked 9th. On traditional PCs, the only platform on which it has ever had significant share, it is ranked 6th at 1.32%, after Opera. Microsoft Edge, IE's successor, first overtook Internet Explorer in terms of market share in November 2019.

Microsoft spent over US$100 million per year on Internet Explorer in the late 1990s, with over 1,000 people involved in the project by 1999.

Versions of Internet Explorer for other operating systems have also been produced, including an Xbox 360 version called Internet Explorer for Xbox and for platforms Microsoft no longer supports: Internet Explorer for Mac and Internet Explorer for UNIX (Solaris and HP-UX), and an embedded OEM version called Pocket Internet Explorer, later rebranded Internet Explorer Mobile made for Windows CE, Windows Phone, and, previously, based on Internet Explorer 7, for Windows Phone 7.

On March 17, 2015, Microsoft announced that Microsoft Edge would replace Internet Explorer as the default browser on "for certain versions of Windows 10". This makes Internet Explorer 11 the last release. Internet Explorer, however, remains on Windows 10 LTSC and Windows Server 2019 primarily for enterprise purposes. Since January 12, 2016, only Internet Explorer 11 has official support for consumers; extended support for Internet Explorer 10 ended on January 31, 2020. Support varies based on the operating system's technical capabilities and its support life cycle. On May 20, 2021, it was announced that full support for Internet Explorer would be discontinued on June 15, 2022, after which, the alternative will be Microsoft Edge with IE mode for legacy sites. Microsoft is committed to support Internet Explorer that way to 2029 at least, with one years notice before it discontinued. The IE mode "uses the Trident MSHTML engine", i.e. the rendering code of Internet Explorer.

The browser has been scrutinized throughout its development for use of third-party technology (such as the source code of Spyglass Mosaic, used without royalty in early versions) and security and privacy vulnerabilities, and the United States and the European Union have alleged that integration of Internet Explorer with Windows has been to the detriment of fair browser competition.

INFO: Full form for ASLC is All Since Last Connect in Networking category
ASLC also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for ACON is Asian Community Online Network in Networking category
ACON also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for SAMP is Synchronous/asynchronous Messaging Protocol in Networking category
SAMP also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for SAMP is Server Availability Maintenance Processor in Networking category
SAMP also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

Solid Logic Technology (SLT) was IBM's method for packaging electronic circuitry introduced in 1964 with the IBM System/360 series and related machines. IBM chose to design custom hybrid circuits using discrete, flip chip-mounted, glass-encapsulated transistors and diodes, with silk screened resistors on a ceramic substrate, forming an SLT module. The circuits were either encapsulated in plastic or covered with a metal lid. Several of these SLT modules (20 in the image on the right) were then mounted on a small multi-layer printed circuit board to make an SLT card. Each SLT card had a socket on one edge that plugged into pins on the computer's backplane (the exact reverse of how most other companies' modules were mounted).

IBM considered monolithic integrated circuit technology too immature at the time. SLT was a revolutionary technology for 1964, with much higher circuit densities and improved reliability over earlier packaging techniques such as the Standard Modular System. It helped propel the IBM System/360 mainframe family to overwhelming success during the 1960s. SLT research produced ball chip assembly, wafer bumping, trimmed thick film resistors, printed discrete functions, chip capacitors and one of the first volume uses of hybrid thick-film technology.

SLT replaced the earlier Standard Modular System, although some later SMS cards held SLT modules.

The System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) is commonly used as a reliability indicator by electric power utilities. SAIDI is the average outage duration for each customer served, and is calculated as:

SAIDI = ∑ U i N i N T {\displaystyle {\mbox{SAIDI}}={\frac {\sum {U_{i}N_{i}}}{N_{T}}}}

where N i {\displaystyle N_{i}} is the number of customers and U i {\displaystyle U_{i}} is the annual outage time for location i {\displaystyle i} , and N T {\displaystyle N_{T}} is the total number of customers served. In other words,

SAIDI = sum of all customer interruption durations total number of customers served {\displaystyle {\mbox{SAIDI}}={\frac {\mbox{sum of all customer interruption durations}}{\mbox{total number of customers served}}}}

SAIDI is measured in units of time, often minutes or hours. It is usually measured over the course of a year, and according to IEEE Standard 1366-1998 the median value for North American utilities is approximately 1.50 hours.

Synchronized Accessible Media Interchange (SAMI) is a Microsoft accessibility initiative released in 1998. The structured markup language is designed to simplify creating subtitles for media playback on a PC.

INFO: Full form for SAMI is Synchronized Access Media Interchange in Networking category
SAMI also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

The Secure Communications Interoperability Protocol (SCIP) is a US standard for secure voice and data communication, for circuit-switched one-to-one connections, not packet-switched networks. SCIP derived from the US Government Future Narrowband Digital Terminal (FNBDT) project.SCIP supports a number of different modes, including national and multinational modes which employ different cryptography. Many nations and industries develop SCIP devices to support the multinational and national modes of SCIP.

SCIP has to operate over the wide variety of communications systems, including commercial land line telephone, military radios, communication satellites, Voice over IP and the several different cellular telephone standards. Therefore, it was designed to make no assumptions about the underlying channel other than a minimum bandwidth of 2400 Hz. It is similar to a dial-up modem in that once a connection is made, two SCIP phones first negotiate the parameters they need and then communicate in the best way possible.

US SCIP or FNBDT systems were used since 2001, beginning with the CONDOR secure cell phone. The standard is designed to cover wideband as well as narrowband voice and data security.

SCIP was designed by the Department of Defense Digital Voice Processor Consortium (DDVPC) in cooperation with the U.S. National Security Agency and is intended to solve problems with earlier NSA encryption systems for voice, including STU-III and Secure Terminal Equipment (STE) which made assumptions about the underlying communication systems that prevented interoperability with more modern wireless systems. STE sets can be upgraded to work with SCIP, but STU-III cannot. This has led to some resistance since various government agencies already own over 350,000 STU-III telephones at a cost of several thousand dollars each.

There are several components to the SCIP standard: key management, voice compression, encryption and a signalling plan for voice, data and multimedia applications.

INFO: Full form for ASIS is Application Software Installation Server in Networking category
ASIS also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for SAPS is Server Administration Perl Scripts in Networking category
SAPS also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for SCMS is Secure Console Management Switch in Networking category
SCMS also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for CCOP is Converged Communications Outsourcing Project in Networking category
CCOP also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for RTRP is Real Time Routing Protocol in Networking category
RTRP also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for RTSC is Request To Send Collisions in Networking category
RTSC also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for SPLC is Smart Predictive Line Controller in Networking category
SPLC also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for CCNE is Cisco Certified Network Engineer in Networking category
CCNE also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for CINT is Center for Information Networking and Telecommunications in Networking category
CINT also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF) is an extension of shortest path algorithms. The path computed using CSPF is a shortest path fulfilling a set of constraints. It simply means that it runs shortest path algorithm after pruning those links that violate a given set of constraints. A constraint could be minimum bandwidth required per link (also known as bandwidth guaranteed constraint), end-to-end delay, maximum number of links traversed, include/exclude nodes. CSPF is widely used in MPLS Traffic Engineering. The routing using CSPF is known as Constraint Based Routing (CBR).

The path computed using CSPF could be exactly same as that of computed from OSPF and IS-IS, or it could be completely different depending on the set of constraints to be met.

INFO: Full form for CSPF is Cmu/stanford Packet Filter in Networking category
CSPF also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for ESJP is Engineering Social Justice and Peace in Networking category
ESJP also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for PCLS is Probability of Clear Line of Sight in Networking category
PCLS also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for MSFC is Multi-layer Switch Feature Card in Networking category
MSFC also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for RTPS is Real-time Polling Service in Networking category
RTPS also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for PSL is Permanant Seat License in Networking category
PSL also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP) is a Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) family multicast routing protocol defined by Experimental RFC 3618. Despite becoming the IPv4 de facto standard for inter-domain multicast, development of the protocol stopped in 2006 and it was decided by the authors not to proceed with making it a proposed standard. MSDP interconnects multiple IPv4 PIM Sparse-Mode (PIM-SM) domains which enables PIM-SM to have Rendezvous Point (RP) redundancy and inter-domain multicasting RFC 4611.

MSDP uses TCP as its transport protocol. Each multicast tree needs to have its own RP. All of the RPs are peers (directly or through other MSDP peers). Messages contain the sender (source) address and the multicast group address (S,G). If an RP on its own domain receives a message, it determines if there are listeners for this group. If listeners exist, it triggers a PIM join into the source domain towards the data source. In a peering relationship, one MSDP peer listens for new TCP connections on the well-known port 639.

MSDP is deliberately unspecified for IPv6, for a number of reasons, including that protocols such as Source-Specific Multicast (SSM), Bi-directional Multicast and IPv6 Embedded Rendezvous Points would mean there was less requirement for MSDP.

INFO: Full form for ICCP is Inter-control Center Communications Protocol in Networking category
ICCP also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for SADL is Situational Awareness Data Link in Networking category
SADL also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for SIGNA is Simplified Internet Gigabit Networking Architecture in Networking category
SIGNA also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for ISDP is Intellilight Shared Dual Path in Networking category
ISDP also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for SSDD is System/sub-system Design Description (mil-std-498) in Networking category
SSDD also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for SSDD is System/ Segment Design Description ( Mil-std-498) in Networking category
SSDD also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for ASPN is Active Server Pages Network in Networking category
ASPN also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for RAIN is Redundant Array of Inexpensive Nodes in Networking category
RAIN also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for RAIN is Redundant Array of Independent Networks in Networking category
RAIN also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

In cryptography, a certificate revocation list (or CRL) is "a list of digital certificates that have been revoked by the issuing certificate authority (CA) before their scheduled expiration date and should no longer be trusted".

INFO: Full form for CRL is Critical Resource List in Networking category
CRL also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for ADFS is Active Directory Federation Service in Networking category
ADFS also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for WPP is Web Presence Provider in Networking category
WPP also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for WCIP is Web Cache Invalidation Protocol in Networking category
WCIP also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for ADMP is Active Directory Migration Plan in Networking category
ADMP also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for ISPAN is Ingress Switched Port Analyzer in Networking category
ISPAN also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for BSIC is Base Station Identity Code in Networking category
BSIC also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.