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Magic may refer to:

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INFO: Full form for FLM is Factor Label Method in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for UC is Unit Cells in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for BTD is Basic Thermo-dynamics in Physics Related category
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An optical parametric oscillator (OPO) is a parametric oscillator that oscillates at optical frequencies. It converts an input laser wave (called "pump") with frequency ω p {\displaystyle \omega _{p}} into two output waves of lower frequency ( ω s , ω i {\displaystyle \omega _{s},\omega _{i}} ) by means of second-order nonlinear optical interaction. The sum of the output waves' frequencies is equal to the input wave frequency: ω s + ω i = ω p {\displaystyle \omega _{s}+\omega _{i}=\omega _{p}} . For historical reasons, the two output waves are called "signal" and "idler", where the output wave with higher frequency is the "signal". A special case is the degenerate OPO, when the output frequency is one-half the pump frequency, ω s = ω i = ω p / 2 {\displaystyle \omega _{s}=\omega _{i}=\omega _{p}/2} , which can result in half-harmonic generation when signal and idler have the same polarization.

The first optical parametric oscillator was demonstrated by Joseph A. Giordmaine and Robert C. Miller in 1965, five years after the invention of the laser, at Bell Labs. Optical parametric oscillators are used as coherent light sources for various scientific purposes, and to generate squeezed light for quantum mechanics research. A Soviet report was also published in 1965.

INFO: Full form for FD is Finite Difference in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for FD is Fusion Device in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for EB is Energetic Barrier in Physics Related category
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The density (more precisely, the volumetric mass density; also known as specific mass), of a substance is its mass per unit volume. The symbol most often used for density is ρ (the lower case Greek letter rho), although the Latin letter D can also be used. Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume:

where ρ is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume. In some cases (for instance, in the United States oil and gas industry), density is loosely defined as its weight per unit volume, although this is scientifically inaccurate – this quantity is more specifically called specific weight.

For a pure substance the density has the same numerical value as its mass concentration.Different materials usually have different densities, and density may be relevant to buoyancy, purity and packaging. Osmium and iridium are the densest known elements at standard conditions for temperature and pressure.

To simplify comparisons of density across different systems of units, it is sometimes replaced by the dimensionless quantity "relative density" or "specific gravity", i.e. the ratio of the density of the material to that of a standard material, usually water. Thus a relative density less than one relative to water means that the substance floats in water.

The density of a material varies with temperature and pressure. This variation is typically small for solids and liquids but much greater for gases. Increasing the pressure on an object decreases the volume of the object and thus increases its density. Increasing the temperature of a substance (with a few exceptions) decreases its density by increasing its volume. In most materials, heating the bottom of a fluid results in convection of the heat from the bottom to the top, due to the decrease in the density of the heated fluid, which causes it to rise relative to denser unheated material.

The reciprocal of the density of a substance is occasionally called its specific volume, a term sometimes used in thermodynamics. Density is an intensive property in that increasing the amount of a substance does not increase its density; rather it increases its mass.

Doublet is a word derived from the Latin duplus, "twofold, twice as much", and is used to indicate a pair of identical, similar, or related things.

Doublet may refer to:

INFO: Full form for DAC is Diamond Anvil High Pressure Cell in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for CS is Chern-simons in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for CRT is Conformal Radiation Therapy in Physics Related category
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