Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Space Science.

INFO: Full form for PDM is Pulse Duration Modulation in Space Science category
PDM also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for MESA is Miniature Electrostatic Accelerometer in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for MESA is Marshall Engineers and Scientists Association in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for MESA is Msfc Engineering Support Area in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for MESA is Modular Equipment Stowage Assembly in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for MOSP is Multi-mission Optronic Stabilized Payload in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for MDR is Maintenance Demand Rate in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for MDR is Major Design Review in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for MDR is Minor Discrepancy Repair in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for MDR is Missing Data Report in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for MDR is Mission Data Reduction in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for MARS is Martin Automatic Reporting System in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for MARS is Modular Airborne Recorder System in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for WM is Workload Monitoring in Space Science category
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Waste management (or waste disposal) includes the processes and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal.This includes the collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste, together with monitoring and regulation of the waste management process and waste-related laws, technologies, economic mechanisms.

Waste can be solid, liquid, or gaseous and each type has different methods of disposal and management. Waste management deals with all types of waste, including industrial, biological, household, municipal, organic, biomedical, radioactive wastes. In some cases, waste can pose a threat to human health. Health issues are associated throughout the entire process of waste management. Health issues can also arise indirectly or directly. Directly, through the handling of solid waste, and indirectly through the consumption of water, soil and food. Waste is produced by human activity, for example, the extraction and processing of raw materials. Waste management is intended to reduce adverse effects of waste on human health, the environment, planetary resources and aesthetics.

Waste management practices are not uniform among countries (developed and developing nations); regions (urban and rural areas), and residential and industrial sectors can all take different approaches.

Proper management of waste is important for building sustainable and liveable cities, but it remains a challenge for many developing countries and cities. A report found that effective waste management is relatively expensive, usually comprising 20%–50% of municipal budgets. Operating this essential municipal service requires integrated systems that are efficient, sustainable, and socially supported. A large portion of waste management practices deal with municipal solid waste (MSW) which is the bulk of the waste that is created by household, industrial, and commercial activity. Measures of waste management include measures for integrated techno-economic mechanisms of a circular economy, effective disposal facilities, export and import control and optimal sustainable design of products that are produced.

In the first systematic review of the scientific evidence around global waste, its management and its impact on human health and life, authors concluded that about a fourth of all the municipal solid terrestrial waste is not collected and an additional fourth is mismanaged after collection, often being burned in open and uncontrolled fires – or close to one billion tons per year when combined. They also found that broad priority areas each lack a "high-quality research base", partly due to the absence of "substantial research funding", which motivated scientists often require. Electronic waste (ewaste) includes discarded computer monitors, motherboards, mobile phones and chargers, compact discs (CDs), headphones, television sets, air conditioners and refrigerators. According to the Global E-waste Monitor 2017, India generates ~ 2 million tonnes (Mte) of e-waste annually and ranks fifth among the e-waste producing countries, after the US, P.R. China, Japan and Germany.

Radiation dosimetry in the fields of health physics and radiation protection is the measurement, calculation and assessment of the ionizing radiation dose absorbed by an object, usually the human body. This applies both internally, due to ingested or inhaled radioactive substances, or externally due to irradiation by sources of radiation.

Internal dosimetry assessment relies on a variety of monitoring, bio-assay or radiation imaging techniques, whilst external dosimetry is based on measurements with a dosimeter, or inferred from measurements made by other radiological protection instruments.

Dosimetry is used extensively for radiation protection and is routinely applied to monitor occupational radiation workers, where irradiation is expected, or where radiation is unexpected, such as in the aftermath of the Three Mile Island, Chernobyl or Fukushima radiological release incidents. The public dose take-up is measured and calculated from a variety of indicators such as ambient measurements of gamma radiation, radioactive particulate monitoring, and the measurement of levels of radioactive contamination.

Other significant areas are medical dosimetry, where the required treatment absorbed dose and any collateral absorbed dose is monitored, and in environmental dosimetry, such as radon monitoring in buildings.

INFO: Full form for MIO is Management Integration Office in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for MOSP is Mission Operations Support Plan in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for SSM is Sample Support Module in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for SSM is Spacecraft Systems Monitor in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for SSM is Subsystem Manager in Space Science category
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