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INFO: Full form for TOS is Test Operating System in Space Science category
TOS also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

The Transfer Orbit Stage (TOS) was an upper stage developed by Martin Marietta for Orbital Sciences Corporation during the late 1980s and early 1990s. The TOS was designed to be a lower-cost alternative to Inertial Upper Stage and Centaur G upper stages. The TOS was designed to be deployed by the Titan 34D, Commercial Titan III and Space Shuttle.

The main propulsion system of the Transfer Orbit Stage was an Orbus 21 solid rocket motor. Attitude control was provided by hydrazine thrusters. The inertial guidance system used a ring laser gyroscope produced by Honeywell. Its control system employed a digital optimal, time-scheduled control algorithm to provide stability whilst the Orbus 21 was burning, while a phase-plane controller was used to manage its reaction-control system.

Only two Transfer Orbit Stages were launched. The first was launched on 25 September 1992, aboard a Commercial Titan III with the Mars Observer spacecraft bound for Mars. Despite a successful launch, the Mars Observer spacecraft later malfunctioned. The second use of a TOS was the deployment of the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite from Space Shuttle Discovery on mission STS-51. This was also successful.

The Transfer Orbit Stage was designed to separate from the Space Shuttle via pyrotechnic devices enclosed in a frangible metal joint known as a Super*Zip. On STS-51, the primary and backup pyrotechnic devices inside the Super*Zip were erroneously fired simultaneously, resulting in minor damage to both the TOS, and the Shuttle's payload bay lining. However, the ACTS satellite deployed successfully and functioned normally on orbit. The Shuttle landed safely despite the anomaly.

INFO: Full form for U is Underfloor in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for GR is Ground Rule in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for VP is Shuttle Payloads Directorate, Kenedy Space Center in Space Science category
VP also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

A vacuum pump is a device that draws gas molecules from a sealed volume in order to leave behind a partial vacuum. The job of a vacuum pump is to generate a relative vacuum within a capacity. The first vacuum pump was invented in 1650 by Otto von Guericke, and was preceded by the suction pump, which dates to antiquity.

INFO: Full form for VP is Verification Polarization in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for VP is Vertical Polarization in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for VP is Velocity Profile in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for WCS is Work Control System in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for VP is View Processor in Space Science category
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Viewpoint may refer to:

INFO: Full form for WCS is Waste Collection System in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for WCS is Writable Control Storage in Space Science category
WCS also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.