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Table of Contents

1. MD Full Form in Medical
   1. Eligibility 
   2. Career after MD
   3. Various MD degrees approved by the Medical Council of India
2. Other full forms of MD

MD Full Form in Medical

The full form of MD in the field of healthcare is Doctor of Medicine. MD is originally derived from the Latin word “Medicinae Doctor”, meaning “teacher of medicine”. MD is the highest academic degree in the field of medicine. In India, doctors get a lot of respect and money. This is a very respectable and self-satisfying job.

It is a 3 years post graduate degree in the field of medicine after completing MBBS. MD is awarded after three years of training in subjects having a non-surgical nature. Since MD is a post graduation degree, candidates must possess MBBS degree to apply for this course.

As a minimum criterion of eligibility, aspiring candidates need to have completed MBBS/BAMS with a minimum aggregate score of 50%, with 1-year compulsory internship. Also, a minimum aggregate score of 60% at the level of graduation. Often, candidates are required to qualify an institute, State or national-level entrance test for admission to the course.

Doctors who have completed MD can easily find suitable jobs in both public and private sectors. Doctors doing MD can also apply for various jobs in government sector. UPSC conducts several examinations every year to recruit these doctors in various government organizations. They can also find jobs in private sector like hospitals. These hospitals also provide better salary packages for them.

• MD in Aviation Medicine
• Anesthesiology
• Bio-Chemistry
• Bio-Physics
• Community Medicine
• Dermatology
• Venerology and Leprosy
• Forensic Medicine
• General Medicine
• Health Administration
• Hospital Administration
• Lab Medicine
• Microbiology
• Nuclear Medicine
• Obstetrics and Gynecology
• Ophthalmology
• Pathology
• Pharmacology
• Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
• Physiology
• Psychiatry
• Radiology
• Radiotherapy
• Social and Preventive Medicine
• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases and many more.

Other full forms of MD

Table of Contents

1. MS: Master of Surgery
   1. 1. Some good institutes from where students can pursue MS:
2. Other full forms of MS

MS: Master of Surgery

The full form of MS is Master of Surgery. MS is a postgraduate degree course offered in the field of surgery. Those who have completed their bachelor’s degree in medicine can apply for this postgraduate degree course. MS stands for certain areas where surgical expertise and skill are more required.

MBBS graduates who wish to opt for a career in Medical Surgery can pursue MS. Doctors can pursue surgery in various medical fields such as Cardiology, Urology, Neurosurgery, etc. After MS, one can start his own clinic, apply for jobs in the government health sector or private hospitals, join a medical college as teaching faculty. A person who completes MS becomes a surgeon while the one who takes up MD is a physician. A physician cannot be a surgeon, while a surgeon can work in the place of a physician with more study of medicine.

• AIIMS (All India Institute of Medical Sciences), New Delhi
• JIPMER (Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research) Pondicherry
• SGPGI (Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences), Lucknow
• PGI (Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research), Chandigarh

Other full forms of MS

Table of Contents

1. What is the full form of GNM?
   1. What is GNM?
   2. Qualification for GNM Course:
   3. Courses
      1. First Year Subjects
      2. Second Year Subjects
      3. 3rd Year Subjects-
2. Other full forms of GNM

What is the full form of GNM?

The full form of GNM is General Nursing and Midwifery. This is a Nursing course of Doctor Line, which is of 3½ years. This course can be done by any boy or girl, after doing this course, one gets a certificate, which certifies that “The person who has this certificate has become a Registered Nurse”.

GNM is a three and a half year diploma course and aims to impart knowledge and prepare general nurses who can perform efficiently as members of the health or medical team and handling competencies both in hospitals and other such organizations. After doing GNM course, you can apply for government job and can do nurse job in any hospital. In this course, students are taught to do nursing work with the health team.

• Age Limit: Candidate age should be between 17 years to 35 years.
• Educational Qualification: As per Indian Nursing Council website, 10+2 Science stream (PCB) passed students are most preferred. However, it is also mentioned that 10+2 Arts stream passed students are also eligible to study this course. The minimum marks required may vary from one institute to another. Usually, it is around 40-50% marks.
• Students should be medically fit.
• Registered nurses with ANM diploma are also eligible to study GNM course.

To get a better idea about the course structure, below we have given some important topics present in this syllabus. Note that not all topics are mentioned.

• Anatomy and Physiology
• Microbiology
• Fundamentals of Nursing
• First Aid
• Community Health Nursing
• Health Education
• Nutrition
• Personal and Environmental Hygiene
• Psychology
• Civics

• Medical Surgical Nursing
• Pharmaceutical
• Psychiatric Nursing

• Pediatric Nursing
• Advanced Community Health Nursing
• Midwifery and Gynecology

In GNM course great importance is given to practical experience along with theoretical knowledge. The students who complete the academic program have to undergo a 6-month long internship period. Ward management, patient care and clinical nursing practice are key parts of this internship programme.

Other full forms of GNM

Table of Contents

1. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid
   1. What is DNA?
   2. Functions of DNA
2. Other full forms of DNA

DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid

The full form of DNA is “Deoxyribonucleic Acid“. Deoxy means lack of oxygen atom, Ribo means ribose sugar. Nuclei are found in the nucleus of the cell. Acid contains negatively charged phosphate ion which is acidic. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that encodes an organism’s genetic blueprint. In other words, DNA contains all of the information required to build and maintain an organism.

DNA is the hereditary material for humans and most other living beings. That is, they carry genetic information for the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms. DNA is present in the nucleus of every cell in the body and the genetic instructions are stored in the form of a code composed of 4 nitrogenous bases: Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G) and Thymine (T)

• Adenine, ‘A,’ It has a 2-ring structure, making it a purine.
• Thymine, ‘T,’ is a pyrimidine, which means it has a 1-ring structure.
• Guanine, the ‘G,’ part of both DNA and RNA, where it binds to cytosine Binds with.
• Cytosine, ‘C,’ is part of DNA and RNA and binds with Guanine. It has a ring, so it is a pyrimidine.

DNA is the genetic material which car­ries all the hereditary information. Genes are the small segments of DNA, consisting mostly of 250 – 2 million base pairs. Apart from storing genetic information, DNA is involved in:

• Replication: DNA makes carbon copies through replication. This allows DNA to transfer genetically from old cells to new cells (from one generation to the next).
• Transcription: Here the information on the DNA is written down onto a different molecule called the RNA. This molecule acts as a messenger to carry the information to other parts of the cell.
• Genetic Information: It transmits genetic information from one generation to another.
• Cellular Metabolism: It regulates the metabolic reactions of cells with the help of enzymes, hormones and specific RNAs.
• Evolution: It controls the development of organisms through the internal genetic clock.
• DNA Finger Printing: Each person has their own DNA sequence that is not in common with others. This property of DNA is used in DNA finger printing, a technique used to identify a person by his or her DNA.

Other full forms of DNA

ANM: Auxiliary Nurse Midwifery

The full form of ANM is Auxiliary Nurse Midwifery. Nursing is an important part of the healthcare sector. Nurses have the responsibility to ensure the smooth functioning of health organizations like hospitals, dispensaries, NGOs etc. In this article, you will know about ANM course details, eligibility criteria, syllabus, job opportunities, further studies, and other full forms of ANM.

What is ANM?

ANM is a diploma course. ANM is a two-year graduate certificate-level course in Medical Nursing. The duration of the course varies for different institutes in India. This often ranges from one to three academic years. Generally, the first academic phase is one year long. The second academic phase is 6 months long. 6 months are devoted to internships. After completing this course, successful candidates can register themselves as Registered Nurse or Midwife with the State Nurse Registration Council.

Eligibility Criteria

• Age Limit: Candidate’s age should be between 17 years to 35 years.
• Educational Qualification: According to the Indian Nursing Council website, 10+2 students passed from Science and Arts stream are most preferred. The minimum marks required may vary from one institute to another. Usually, it is around 40-50% marks. It is observed that the educational requirement varies from one institute to another, so please ask the institute in which you want to take admission.

ANM Syllabus

To get a better idea about the course structure, we have given some important topics present in this syllabus below. Note that not all topics are mentioned.

• Community Health Nursing
• Nutrition
• Environmental Hygiene
• Hygiene
• Infection and Immunization
• First Aid Care
• Community Health Problems
• Child Health Care
• Midwifery
• Mental Health
• Health Center Management

Job Opportunities

ANM is a diploma course. It does not offer diverse job profiles. Some of the job profiles available in front of ANM Nurse are-

• Community Health Worker
• Home Nurse
• Health worker attending to patients at home
• Rural health worker
• Basic Health Worker

Common places/areas where one can get a job include-

• Rural Health Centers
• Government Hospitals
• NGOs
• Old Age Homes
• Government Health Schemes
• Community Health Center
• Government Dispensary

With further education, such as B.Sc Nursing, one can have access to various job profiles. Some such job profiles are-

• Chief Nursing Officer
• Assistant Nursing Officer
• Critical Care Nurse
• Pediatric Surgery Nurse
• Nurse Manager / Supervisor
• Rehabilitation Specialist

Further studies after ANM

After completing the ANM course and getting registered with the State Nurses Registration Council, one can pursue the GNM course. On completion of GNM, one can pursue B.Sc. Nursing (Post Basic) course. This course is equivalent to a bachelor’s degree in nursing. The duration of the course is 2 years (3 years in case of distance learning mode). After completion of B.Sc. one can go for advanced PG programmes. Some of the famous advanced PG courses are-

• M.Sc in Nursing
• PG Diploma in Nursing
• PG Certificate in Nursing
• M.Phil in Nursing

Other full forms ofANM

1) WBC: White Blood Cell

The full form of WBC is “White Blood Cell”. White blood cells (WBC) are cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against infectious diseases and foreign materials. It is also called a leukocyte or white blood corpuscle. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and the lymphatic system. It is a cellular component of blood. White blood cells continually look for signs of disease. When a germ appears, WBCs have several ways to attack. Some will produce protective antibodies that will overpower the germ. Others will surround and devour bacteria. All white blood cells are produced and derived from multipotent cells in the bone marrow known as hematopoietic stem cells. All WBCs have nuclei, which differentiate them from other blood cells, nucleated red blood cells (RBCs), and platelets. The leukogram does not have hemoglobin like red blood cells. Its main function is to protect the body from infections and diseases, for example. produces antibodies to destroy infectious agents like bacteria, viruses, germs, etc.

2) WBC: World Boxing Council

In the sports of boxing, WBC stands World Boxing Council. It is one of the top four associations that sanctions professional boxing matches, along with the World Boxing Association (WBA), the International Boxing Federation (IBF) and the World Boxing Organization (WBO). The World Boxing Council (WBC) is the elite sanctioning body of boxing and its main priority is to work and protect the safety and health of the athlete inside and outside the boxing ring. The WBC was founded in 1963 and now comprises 165 countries around the world. It is headquartered in Mexico City, Mexico. Some of its popular champions are Muhammad Ali, Mike Tyson, Julio César Chávez, Oscar de La Hoya, Sugar Ray Leonard, Floyd Mayweather and Manny Pacquiao, among others. 24-year-old Indian pro boxer Vaibhav Yadav became the WBC Asia silver Welterweight Champion after winning the title fight in Pattaya, Thailand.

Other full forms of WBC

TT: Tetanus Toxoid

The full form of TT is Tetanus Toxoid. It is also called as Tetanus vaccine. Tetanus Toxoid (TT) is a vaccine used to provide protection (immunity) against tetanus (lockjaw). Tetanus is a serious illness of the nervous system caused by bacteria called Clostridium tetani. The bacteria can enter the body through cut, wound, bite, burn, etc. They affect the nervous system and can result in serious complications if left untreated. The common symptoms of this disease include convulsions, lockjaw, muscle spasms, stiffness and problem swallowing.

TT vaccine is very safe, including during pregnancy and in those with HIV/AIDS. Redness and pain at the site of injection occur in between 25% and 85% of people. Fever, feeling tired, and minor muscle pain occurs in less than 10% of people. Severe allergic reactions occur in less than one in 100,000 people. The vaccine was developed in the 1920s and became a success when used in World War II to protect the US military from tetanus. Tetanus vaccination is recommended for all infants, children and adults. TT vaccine is very effective following vaccination, 95% of people are protected from diphtheria, 80% to 85% from pertussis, and 100% from tetanus.

Other full forms of TT

TB: Tuberculosis

The full form of TB is Tuberculosis. It is an infectious and contagious disease that’s transmitted from person to person. It is caused by the bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Tuberculosis (TB) generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. Diagnosis of active TB is based on chest X-rays, as well as microscopic examination and culture of body fluids. Diagnosis of latent TB relies on the tuberculin skin test (TST) or blood tests. TB is more common in people with HIV/AIDS and in those who smoke, than in the general population. Tuberculosis is spread through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze. People with latent TB do not spread the disease.

Prevention and Treatment of TB

Prevention of TB involves screening those at high risk, early detection and treatment of cases, and vaccination with the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. Those at high risk include household, workplace, and social contacts of people with active TB. Treatment requires the use of multiple antibiotics over a long period of time. Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem with increasing rates of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB).

The only available vaccine for TB as of 2011 is Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). In children it decreases the risk of getting the infection by 20% and the risk of infection turning into active disease by nearly 60%. It is the most widely used vaccine worldwide, with more than 90% of all children being vaccinated. The immunity it induces decreases after about ten years. In the US, treatment of active tuberculosis is mandatory by law and should be available at no cost to the patient through the public health system. It involves a course of antibiotics and vitamins that lasts about six months. It is vital to finish the entire treatment, both to prevent the development of antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis and to prevent reoccurrence. Most patients with tuberculosis do not need to be quarantined, but it is sometimes necessary.

Other Full Forms of TB Acronym

SGPT: Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase

The full form of SGPT is “Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT)”. It is an enzyme which is now known as Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) that is normally present in liver and heart cells. It is produced by the liver. So, it is found in high concentrations in liver cells and in moderate concentrations in kidney cells and in low concentrations in heart, pancreas, spleen, red blood cells and skeletal muscles. Some medications can also raise SGPT levels. It is released into the blood when the liver or the other organs that contain ALT are damaged. So, whenever there is damage to liver, the levels of ALT may increase as much as 50 times than the normal levels in the blood. The normal level of ALT in blood for males ranges from 29 to 33 units per liter and for females 19 to 25 units per liter. This value can be affected by the age of the patient. If the levels of ALT are higher than this range, there may be a liver disorder.

Your doctor might recommend ALT if you have symptoms of liver disease or damage, such as:

• Stomach pain or swelling
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Yellow skin or eyes (a condition called jaundice)
• Weakness
• Extreme tiredness (fatigue)
• Dark-colored urine
• Light-colored poop
• Itchy skin

Here are some reasons you might get this test:

• You’ve been exposed to the hepatitis virus.
• You drink a lot of alcohol.
• You have a family history of liver disease.
• You take medicine that’s known to cause liver damage.

RNA: Ribonucleic Acid

The full form of RNA is Ribonucleic Acid. It is one of the major biological macromolecules that is essential for all known forms of life. RNA performs various important biological roles related to protein synthesis such as decoding, transcription, regulation and expression of genes. It is a single-stranded molecule composed of Ribonucleotides. Like DNA, RNA can carry genetic information. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, and, along with lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but unlike DNA it is more often found in nature as a single-strand folded onto itself, rather than a paired double-strand.

Other Full Forms of RNA

PPE: Personal Protective Equipment

The full form of PPE is Personal Protective Equipment. it’s an acronym that you’ve likely heard a lot in the past few weeks—particularly in COVID-19 times. Personal protective equipment (PPE) is protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer’s body from injury or infection. The hazards addressed by PPE kit include physical, electrical, heat, chemicals, biohazards, and airborne particulate matter. PPE includes the following, but can vary between medical professionals, hospital cleaners, and patient visitors:

• Gloves
• Medical masks
• Respirators (N95 or FFP2 standard, or equivalent)
• Eye protection (Face shield or goggles)
• Gowns
• Aprons
• Boots or closed-toe work shoes

All personal protective equipment should be safely designed and constructed, and should be maintained in a clean and reliable fashion. It should fit comfortably, encouraging worker use. If the personal protective equipment does not fit properly, it can make the difference between being safely covered or dangerously exposed. The lack of PPE is a global concern. “The current global stockpile of PPE is insufficient, particularly for medical masks and respirators,” explained the WHO in a March 19 document summarizing recommendations for the “rational use” of PPE.

Other full forms of PPE

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• Parapneumonic Effusion
• Property, Plant, and Equipment
• Polyphenylene ether
• Personnel Protective Equipment
• Philosophy, Politics, and Economics
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• Purple People Eater
• Park Place Entertainment Corporation
• Programmable Priority Encoder
• Potential Psychic Energy
• PCBoard Programming Executable
• Poverty, Population, and Environment
• Pen and Paper Exercises
• Prefix-Preserving Encryption
• Partido Popular Extremeño
• Pay Period Ending ….
• Pen and Paper Exercise
• Passport Prep Environment
• A Protective Posture Equipment
• Pay Period Ending
• Proper Procedure Environment
• Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy

PMS: Pre-Menstrual Syndrome

The acronym PMS stands for “PreMenstrual Syndrome.” PMS is a group of physical, emotional, psychological, and behavioral symptoms experienced by a woman before the monthly period. These symptoms generally occur between ovulation and the start of menstrual bleeding, that is, two weeks before menstruation begins. Common emotional symptoms include irritability and mood swings, while common physical symptoms include acne, tender breasts, bloating, and feeling tired; These are also seen in women without PMS. Often symptoms are present for about six days. A woman’s pattern of symptoms can change over time. The cause of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is unclear, but it is believed to be associated with fluctuating levels of hormones such as estrogen and progesterone before menstruation begins. Some symptoms may be worsened by a high-salt diet, alcohol, or caffeine.

Other full forms of PMS

In medical, the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a widely used method in molecular biology to quickly make many copies (millions or billions!) of a specific DNA sample (and, in some cases, RNA), which allows scientists to place a very small sample of DNA and amplify it to a sufficiently large amount to study in detail. The key to understanding the PCR is to know that each human being, plant, animal, bacterium, parasite or virus contains genetic material, such as DNA/RNA sequences, unique to its species and to each member of that species. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test forms the basis of several tests that help doctors diagnose and treat patients. For example, PCR tests can identify and detect pathogenic organisms in patients, especially those that are difficult to cultivate (for example, HIV and certain fungi and other viruses).

• Components of PCR

Other Links

Other full forms of PCR

OPD: Outpatient Department

The full form of OPD is “Outpatient Department“. An Outpatient Department (OPD) is designed to be a first contact point between the patient and the hospital staff in a hospital department. A Patient who goes first time to the hospital, directly goes to OPD and then the OPD decides to which department a patient should go. The outpatient department is an important part of the overall running of the hospital. An outpatient department or outpatient clinic is the part of a hospital designed for the treatment of outpatients, people with health problems who visit the hospital for diagnosis or treatment, but do not at this time require a bed or to be admitted for overnight care.

Modern outpatient departments offer a wide range of treatment services, diagnostic tests and minor surgical procedures. Generally an OPD is constructed on the ground floor of any hospital and divided into several parts like Neurology department, Orthopedics department, Gynecology department, General medicine department etc. Here the patient completes all the formalities and then go the respective department. It is normally integrated with the in-patient services and manned by consultant physicians and surgeons who also attend inpatients in the wards. Many patients are examined and given treatment as outpatients before being admitted to the hospital at a later date as inpatients. When discharged, they may attend the outpatient clinic for follow-up treatment.

Other full forms of OPD

ECG: ElectroCardioGram

Other full forms of ECG

CPR: Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation

The full form of CPR is Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation. Cardio means “heart”, Pulmonary means “related to lungs” and Resuscitation means “to revive”. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency lifesaving procedure useful in a heart attack or cardiac arrest, drowning conditions where someone’s breathing or heartbeat has stopped. It’s far better to do something in emergencies to save a life than doing nothing. Your effort of doing something could save someone’s life. This technique is a combination of chest compression and mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing. CPR helps restore blood circulation to the heart and brain until medical treatment is available; it delays the tissue death and damage to the brain. People who often handle emergencies like doctors, lifeguards, firefighters are trained in providing CPR.

If you are not trained in CPR, then perform hands-only CPR i.e., performing uninterrupted chest compression of about 100-120 per minute. If you are trained in CPR, then perform chest compression at first then check and open the airway and perform rescue breathing/mouth to mouth breathing. Perform one cycle CPR i.e., 30 chest compression & then check the airway & give 2 rescue breaths. Check whether the person has proper ventilation. If AED (Automated external defibrillator) is available immediately, deliver one shock and then resume CPR. In CPR, CAB is the common abbreviation that helps people in performing different steps of CPR. CAB stands for Compression, airway & Breathing.

Other full forms of CPR

COVID-19: CoronaVirus Disease 2019

The full form of COVID-19 is “CoronaVirus Disease 2019“. CO stands for Corona, VI stands for Virus, D stands for Disease, and 19 stands for 2019. Since the disease was identified in December 2019. The name Covid-19 was announced on February 11 by the World Health Organization (WHO). The director-general, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, said:

We had to find a name that does not refer to a geographical location, an animal, an individual or a group of people, and that is also pronounced and related to the disease. Having a name is important to avoid using other names that may be inaccurate or stigmatizing

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS coronavirus 2 or SARS-CoV-2), a virus closely related to the SARS virus. The infection is transmitted from one person to another through respiratory droplets produced from the airways, usually when coughing or sneezing. Because it is viral pneumonia, antibiotics are useless.

Covid-19 was first found in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and affected more than 4,00,000 people in more than 150 countries around the world, causing more than 17,000 deaths. Those affected by Covid-19 may suffer from cough, fever, and shortness of breath. A sore throat, runny nose or sneezing is less common. In severe cases, organ failure may occur. The mortality rate seems to be around 2%. By comparison, seasonal flu generally has a mortality rate of less than 1% and is believed to cause about 400,000 deaths each year worldwide. SARS had a mortality rate of over 10%.

CBC: Complete Blood Count

The full form of CBC is Complete Blood Count. It is a common blood test that evaluates the levels of certain cells in blood like red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), platelets, the concentration of hemoglobin (Hbg), etc. The test is often ordered on healthy people as part of a routine medical examination and can be used to help monitor or diagnose various health conditions. A complete blood count (CBC) is used to evaluate your overall health and detect a wide range of disorders, including anemia, infection, leukemia, vitamin and mineral deficiencies, Bone marrow failure, Dengue, Malaria etc. CBC test is performed by running a blood sample on an automated analyzer, which is a machine designed to run laboratory tests. Karl Vierordt performed what is considered the first blood count in 1852, by spreading a specific volume of blood on a microscope slide and counting the cells.

Other full forms of CBC

BPT: Bachelor of Physiotherapy

The full form of BPT is Bachelor of Physiotherapy. Physiotherapy or physical therapy is an allied health profession that helps people increase, maintain or restore their physical mobility, function, and strength. This science makes use of electrotherapy, evidence-based kinesiology, exercise prescription and shockwave mobility to treat chronic conditions of the bones and soft tissues. Physiotherapy applies modes of physical movement such as exercise, massage, besides education, advice, and counseling services to circumstances where movement and function are threatened by pain, injury, aging, diseases, disorders, conditions, or other environmental factors.

Bachelor of Physiotherapy (BPT) is a 4-year undergraduate course, including compulsory 6 months of clinical internship, and involving the science of physical movement aimed at preventing disease and disability. BPT course teaches and helps the students to gain skills and methods that are necessary for the practice of physiotherapy treatment. Students enrolled to the course are taught on an advanced level about core physiotherapeutic skills such as therapeutic exercises, manual therapy, and application of electro-physical modalities.

The minimum educational qualification required for the BPT course is 10+2 qualification from a recognized educational Board. The candidate should have pursued the Science stream with Physics, Chemistry, and Biology as their main subjects. A Minimum aggregate score of 50% or equivalent at 10+2 level is mandatory for admission. Some universities in India conduct an entrance test for admitting students for the BPT course. Some of these entrance examinations are CET, JIPMER all India entrance test, Guru Govind Indraprastha University Physiotherapy entrance exam, etc.

On completing the course, graduates will get the DPT (Doctor of Physiotherapy) Degree. Successful graduates of the course are lucratively employed in areas such as health institutes, hospitals, fitness centers, private clinics, etc., with an average annual initial salary ranging 2 to 8 Lacs INR, depending upon the candidate’s expertise in the field and relevant skillset. Graduates interested in pursuing higher studies in the discipline may go for pursuing a Master of Physiotherapy or other higher certifications in any of the sub-specialties in the discipline.

Other full forms of BPT

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• Back Pressure Transducer
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BMR: Basal Metabolic Rate

The full form of BMR is Basal Metabolic Rate. It gives you an estimate of calories that you burn when you at complete rest for around 24 hours. Basal metabolic rate (BMR), is the rate of metabolism that occurs when an individual is at rest in a warm environment and is in the post-absorptive state, and has not eaten for at least 12 hours. In simple, It is the value of calories that our body needs to function. It is the equivalent of figuring out how much gas an idle car consumes while parked. In such a state, energy will be used only to maintain vital organs, which include the heart, lungs, kidneys, nervous system, intestines, liver, lungs, sex organs, muscles, and skin. BMR is also known as your body’s metabolism; therefore, any increase to your metabolic weight, such as exercise, will increase your BMR.

P= (10.0 x m/1 kg) + (6.25 x h/1cm) – (5.00 x a/1 year) + s

• P= total heat production while at rest (BMR)
• m= weight of a person in kilograms
• h= height of a person in centimeters
• a= age of a person in years
• s= constant (+5 for males and -161 for females)

For example: let us calculate BMR of a 26 year old male who is 172 cm tall and weighs around 60 kg.

On applying Formula:

P= (10.0 x 60) + (6.25 x 172 cm) – (5.00 x 26) + 5

= 600 + 1075 – 130 + 5

= 1675 – 135

= 1540

So, this person burns 1540 calories while he is resting for 24 hours.

Other full forms of BMR

AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

The full form of AIDS is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Acquired means that you can become infected with it. Immune Deficiency refers to the weakness of the body’s immune system. Syndrome means symptoms of a group that forms a disease. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a disease that can develop in people with HIV. It’s the most advanced stage of HIV. But just because a person has HIV doesn’t mean they’ll develop AIDS. The initial symptoms of this disease may be a brief period of illness such as influenza. AIDS is a disease that can grow for a long time without any symptoms. As the infection progresses, it interferes more and more with the immune system and makes the infected person very vulnerable and thus susceptible to common infections such as tuberculosis, tumors, asthma, etc. HIV kills CD4 cells.

Stages of HIV

HIV infection is divided into three stages;

This is the first stage of HIV infection, and it generally develops within 2 to 4 weeks after infection with HIV. During this time, some people have flu-like symptoms, such as fever, headache, and rash. In the acute stage of infection, HIV multiplies rapidly and spreads throughout the body. This stage is also called primary HIV infection or acute retroviral syndrome.

This is the second stage of HIV infection. In this phase, HIV continues to multiply in the body but at very low levels. People with chronic HIV infection may not have any HIV-related symptoms. Without ART, chronic HIV infection usually advances to AIDS in 10 years or longer, though in some people it may advance faster. This stage is also called asymptomatic HIV infection or clinical latency.

This is the final and most severe stage of HIV infection. Because HIV has severely damaged the immune system, the body can’t fight off opportunistic infections. In this phase, your immunity is greatly reduced making you more susceptible to common infections.

Cause of HIV infection

• By having unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person.
• By blood transfusion
• From mother to child (at birth), it can also spread by breastfeeding.
• Through oral sex, in some cases, this may be possible by deep kissing.
• using hypodermic needles/
• from a donation organ received through an infected donor.

Symptoms of AIDS

• Rapid weight loss
• Recurrent fever or excessive night sweats
• Sore throat
• Extreme fatigue, muscle and joint pain

How to avoid AIDS

• Be loyal to your spouse. Do not have sex with more than one person.
• Always use a condom during sexual intercourse.
• If you are HIV infected or have AIDS, then do disclose this to your spouse. Keep the matter hidden and continue sex in the same situation, your partner can also get infected and it can affect your children too.
• Never donate blood if you are HIV infected or have AIDS.
• Insist on having a blood HIV test before taking blood.
• If you suspect HIV infection, get your HIV tested immediately. It is noteworthy that often HIV germs are not detected by HIV testing even after 3 to 6 months of infection. So after the third and sixth months, repeat the HIV test.

AIDS does not spread for these reasons

There are many misconceptions about HIV. The following viruses cannot transmit:

• Shaking hands with HIV infected or AIDS affected person.
• Living with a HIV infected or AIDS person or eating with them.
• Healthy and HIV infected in the same vessel or kitchen or by cooking with a person with AIDS.

Treatment for AIDS

There is currently no treatment available for AIDS or HIV. However, treatments can prevent the progression of the condition and provide an opportunity for most people living with HIV to live longer and relatively healthier lives. More effective and better tolerant treatments have developed that improve general health and quality of life.

A person living with HIV can reduce their viral load to the extent that it is no longer detectable in a blood test. After assessing several large studies, the CDC concluded that individuals who have no detectable viral load effectively have no risk of sexually transmitting the virus to an HIV-negative partner.

If a person believes that they have been exposed to the virus within the last 3 days, then anti-HIV drugs, called post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), may be able to prevent infection. Take PEP as soon as possible after possible exposure to the virus. PEP is a total treatment lasting 28 days, and physicians will continue to monitor HIV after completion of treatment.

Treatment of HIV includes antiretroviral drugs that fight HIV infection and slow down the spread of the virus in the body. People living with HIV typically take a combination of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) or antiretroviral therapy (cART).

Although many people who have AIDS try complementary, alternative herbal/Ayurvedic alternatives, such as herbal remedies, no evidence confirms their effectiveness. According to some limited studies, vitamin supplements may provide some benefit in overall health. It is important to discuss these options with the healthcare provider/doctor.

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