Explore topic-wise fullforms in Physics Related

INFO: Full form for ZI is Zone In in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for EIES is Electron Impact Emission Spectroscopy in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for EPT is Exchange Perturbation Theory in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for HC is Heteroclinic Connection in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for HC is Hard Condition in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for PN is Pn (pressure Nominal) in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for PN is Proton Neutron in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for SI is Selectivity Index in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for SI is Slight Inclusion in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for DIBL is Drain-induced Barrier Lowering in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for STLR is Safety Thermal Limit Recorder in Physics Related category
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The Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian (CfA) is an astrophysics research institute jointly operated by the Harvard College Observatory and Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Founded in 1973 and headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the CfA leads a broad program of research in astronomy, astrophysics, Earth and space sciences, as well as science education. The CfA either leads or participates in the development and operations of more than fifteen ground- and space-based astronomical research observatories across the electromagnetic spectrum, including the forthcoming Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) and the Chandra X-ray Observatory, one of NASA's Great Observatories.

Hosting more than 850 scientists, engineers, and support staff, the CfA is among the largest astronomical research institutes in the world. Its projects have included Nobel Prize-winning advances in cosmology and high energy astrophysics, the discovery of many exoplanets, and the first image of a black hole. The CfA also serves a major role in the global astrophysics research community: the CfA's Astrophysics Data System (ADS), for example, has been universally adopted as the world's online database of astronomy and physics papers. Known for most of its history as the "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics", the CfA rebranded in 2018 to its current name in an effort to reflect its unique status as a joint collaboration between Harvard University and the Smithsonian Institution. The CfA's current director (since 2004) is Charles R. Alcock, who succeeds Irwin I. Shapiro (Director from 1982 to 2004) and George B. Field (Director from 1973 to 1982).

INFO: Full form for LZT is Laser Zone Texturing in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for LZT is Lead Zirconate Titanate in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for APOP is Automatic Particle Orientation Procedure in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for BQP is Bounded-error Quantum Polynomial Time in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for CRNP is Cooperative Research Network Physics in Physics Related category
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Schild's Ladder is a 2002 science fiction novel by Australian author Greg Egan. The book derives its name from Schild's ladder, a construction in differential geometry, devised by the mathematician and physicist Alfred Schild.

INFO: Full form for SPTR is Scottish Physics Teaching Resources in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for STPD is Solar Terrestrial Physics Division in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for TTZ is Teisseyre -tornquist Zone in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for VRV is Variable Radial Velocity in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for AOI is Areas of Interaction in Physics Related category
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Angle of incidence is a measure of deviation of something from "straight on" and may refer to:

INFO: Full form for PSJ is Pivoted Shoe Journal in Physics Related category
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A hydrogen bond (or H-bond) is a primarily electrostatic force of attraction between a hydrogen (H) atom which is covalently bound to a more electronegative atom or group, and another electronegative atom bearing a lone pair of electrons—the hydrogen bond acceptor (Ac). Such an interacting system is generally denoted Dn–H···Ac, where the solid line denotes a polar covalent bond, and the dotted or dashed line indicates the hydrogen bond. The most frequent donor and acceptor atoms are the second-row elements nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), and fluorine (F).

Hydrogen bonds can be intermolecular (occurring between separate molecules) or intramolecular (occurring among parts of the same molecule). The energy of a hydrogen bond depends on the geometry, the environment, and the nature of the specific donor and acceptor atoms, and can vary between 1 and 40 kcal/mol. This makes them somewhat stronger than a van der Waals interaction, and weaker than fully covalent or ionic bonds. This type of bond can occur in inorganic molecules such as water and in organic molecules like DNA and proteins. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for holding such materials as paper and felted wool together, and for causing separate sheets of paper to stick together after becoming wet and subsequently drying.

The hydrogen bond is responsible for many of the anomalous physical and chemical properties of compounds of N, O, and F. In particular, intermolecular hydrogen bonding is responsible for the high boiling point of water (100 °C) compared to the other group-16 hydrides that have much weaker hydrogen bonds. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding is partly responsible for the secondary and tertiary structures of proteins and nucleic acids. It also plays an important role in the structure of polymers, both synthetic and natural.