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INFO: Full form for OSQ is Orientation Space Quantization in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for PORT is Photo-optical Recorder Tracker in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for ISSP is Institute for Solid State Physics in Physics Related category
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The Institute of Solid State Physics may refer to:

INFO: Full form for GAPP is Global Analysis of Particle Properties in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for FOE is Force of Energy in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for DPD is Double Phase Distortion in Physics Related category
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The Physical Science Study Committee, usually abbreviated as PSSC, was inaugurated at a 1956 conference at MIT to review introductory physics education and to design, implement, and monitor improvements. It produced major new physics textbooks, instructional movies, and classroom laboratory materials, which were used by high schools around the world during the 1960s and 1970s and beyond.

INFO: Full form for HEPA is High Energy Particulate Arresting in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for HEPA is High Efficiency Particulate Air (filter) in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for HEPA is High-efficiency Particulate Arresting in Physics Related category
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Particle physics (also known as high energy physics) is a branch of physics that studies the nature of the particles that constitute matter and radiation. Although the word particle can refer to various types of very small objects (e.g. protons, gas particles, or even household dust), particle physics usually investigates the irreducibly smallest detectable particles and the fundamental interactions necessary to explain their behaviour.

In current understanding, these elementary particles are excitations of the quantum fields that also govern their interactions. The currently dominant theory explaining these fundamental particles and fields, along with their dynamics, is called the Standard Model. Thus, modern particle physics generally investigates the Standard Model and its various possible extensions, e.g. to the newest "known" particle, the Higgs boson, or even to the oldest known force field, gravity.

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei. The sample is placed in a magnetic field and the NMR signal is produced by excitation of the nuclei sample with radio waves into nuclear magnetic resonance, which is detected with sensitive radio receivers. The intramolecular magnetic field around an atom in a molecule changes the resonance frequency, thus giving access to details of the electronic structure of a molecule and its individual functional groups. As the fields are unique or highly characteristic to individual compounds, in modern organic chemistry practice, NMR spectroscopy is the definitive method to identify monomolecular organic compounds.

The principle of NMR usually involves three sequential steps:

Similarly, biochemists use NMR to identify proteins and other complex molecules. Besides identification, NMR spectroscopy provides detailed information about the structure, dynamics, reaction state, and chemical environment of molecules. The most common types of NMR are proton and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy, but it is applicable to any kind of sample that contains nuclei possessing spin.

NMR spectra are unique, well-resolved, analytically tractable and often highly predictable for small molecules. Different functional groups are obviously distinguishable, and identical functional groups with differing neighboring substituents still give distinguishable signals. NMR has largely replaced traditional wet chemistry tests such as color reagents or typical chromatography for identification. A disadvantage is that a relatively large amount, 2–50 mg, of a purified substance is required, although it may be recovered through a workup. Preferably, the sample should be dissolved in a solvent, because NMR analysis of solids requires a dedicated magic angle spinning machine and may not give equally well-resolved spectra. The timescale of NMR is relatively long, and thus it is not suitable for observing fast phenomena, producing only an averaged spectrum. Although large amounts of impurities do show on an NMR spectrum, better methods exist for detecting impurities, as NMR is inherently not very sensitive - though at higher frequencies, sensitivity is higher.

Correlation spectroscopy is a development of ordinary NMR. In two-dimensional NMR, the emission is centered around a single frequency, and correlated resonances are observed. This allows identifying the neighboring substituents of the observed functional group, allowing unambiguous identification of the resonances. There are also more complex 3D and 4D methods and a variety of methods designed to suppress or amplify particular types of resonances. In nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) spectroscopy, the relaxation of the resonances is observed. As NOE depends on the proximity of the nuclei, quantifying the NOE for each nucleus allows for construction of a three-dimensional model of the molecule.

NMR spectrometers are relatively expensive; universities usually have them, but they are less common in private companies. Between 2000 and 2015, an NMR spectrometer cost around 500,000 - 5 million USD. Modern NMR spectrometers have a very strong, large and expensive liquid helium-cooled superconducting magnet, because resolution directly depends on magnetic field strength. Less expensive machines using permanent magnets and lower resolution are also available, which still give sufficient performance for certain applications such as reaction monitoring and quick checking of samples. There are even benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers. NMR can be observed in magnetic fields less than a millitesla. Low-resolution NMR produces broader peaks which can easily overlap one another causing issues in resolving complex structures. The use of higher strength magnetic fields result in clear resolution of the peaks and is the standard in industry.

INFO: Full form for PBG is Photonic Band Gap in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for GARD is Graviton Atom Relocation Disruptor in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for GEOS is Geosynchronous Earth Orbit Satellite in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for TWL is Traveling Wave Laser in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for BEEM is Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for SNPA is Standard Nuclear Physics Approach in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for LIPS is Lorentz Invariant Phase Space in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for HPPT is High Pressure Physics and Technics in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for HCP is Hexagonally Close-packed in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for AFS is Abstract Force Simulator in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for EER is Estimated Energy Requirement in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for BSM is Beam Simulation Method in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for BSM is Bell State Measurement in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for LCM is Linear Conservation of Momentum in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for TMS is Tele Meter Setting in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for CDM is Ceramic Discharge Metal in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for EMG is Electro Magnetic Grouping in Physics Related category
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