Explore topic-wise fullforms in Physics Related

INFO: Full form for MLDA is Modified Local Density Approximation in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for FPD is Flame Photometric Detector in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for SWAP is Short Wavelength Automated Perimetry in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for RST is Rapid Suspension Technology in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for RST is Rotation, Stretch, and Translation in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for WBCT is Wavelet Based Contourlet Transform in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for OPSn is Optical Physical Section N in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for WRR is Weakly Regular Relation in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for TIRF is Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for EGR is Energy Generation Region in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for URP is Uniform Random Pattern in Physics Related category
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Nuclear Physics A, Nuclear Physics B, Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements and discontinued Nuclear Physics are peer-reviewed scientific journals published by Elsevier. The scope of Nuclear Physics A is nuclear and hadronic physics, and that of Nuclear Physics B is high energy physics, quantum field theory, statistical systems, and mathematical physics.

Nuclear Physics was established in 1956, and then split into Nuclear Physics A and Nuclear Physics B in 1967. A supplement series to Nuclear Physics B, called Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements has been published from 1987 onwards.

Nuclear Physics B is part of the SCOAP3 initiative.

INFO: Full form for ENR is Enrichment and Reprocessing in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for HVL is Half Value Layer in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for MRSM is Multiple Response Surface Modeling in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for MRSM is Multi Resolution Spatial Model in Physics Related category
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Indicators of spatial association are statistics that evaluate the existence of clusters in the spatial arrangement of a given variable. For instance if we are studying cancer rates among census tracts in a given city local clusters in the rates mean that there are areas that have higher or lower rates than is to be expected by chance alone; that is, the values occurring are above or below those of a random distribution in space.

INFO: Full form for PCAP is Physics and Computing Advisory Panel in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for ITAP is Isentropic Trajectory Analysis Project in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for WAVE is Wavelength Absorption for Visual Enhancement in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for ADTM is Alternate Density Transmission Medium in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for ADAM is Absolute Disintegration of Available Mass in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for EIPP is Eastern Interconnect Phasor Project in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for VGL is Virtual Geophysics Laboratory in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for AAAC is Astronomy and Astrophysics Advisory Committee in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for PSTM is Photon Scanning Tunneling Microscope in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for RHR is Right Hand Rule in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for QPN is Quantum Projection Noise in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for WFSM is Wave Front Steering Mirror in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for WFSM is Weak Field and Slow Motion in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for TFD is Thermo Fluid Dynamics in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for HISR is Heavy Ion Storage Ring in Physics Related category
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A lever ( or US: ) is a simple machine consisting of a beam or rigid rod pivoted at a fixed hinge, or fulcrum. A lever is a rigid body capable of rotating on a point on itself. On the basis of the locations of fulcrum, load and effort, the lever is divided into three types. Also, leverage is mechanical advantage gained in a system. It is one of the six simple machines identified by Renaissance scientists. A lever amplifies an input force to provide a greater output force, which is said to provide leverage. The ratio of the output force to the input force is the mechanical advantage of the lever. As such, the lever is a mechanical advantage device, trading off force against movement. The formula for mechanical advantage of a lever is Load / Effort {\displaystyle {\text{Load}}/{\text{Effort}}}

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (proton NMR, hydrogen-1 NMR, or 1H NMR) is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance in NMR spectroscopy with respect to hydrogen-1 nuclei within the molecules of a substance, in order to determine the structure of its molecules. In samples where natural hydrogen (H) is used, practically all the hydrogen consists of the isotope 1H (hydrogen-1; i.e. having a proton for a nucleus).

Simple NMR spectra are recorded in solution, and solvent protons must not be allowed to interfere. Deuterated (deuterium = 2H, often symbolized as D) solvents especially for use in NMR are preferred, e.g. deuterated water, D2O, deuterated acetone, (CD3)2CO, deuterated methanol, CD3OD, deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide, (CD3)2SO, and deuterated chloroform, CDCl3. However, a solvent without hydrogen, such as carbon tetrachloride, CCl4 or carbon disulfide, CS2, may also be used.

Historically, deuterated solvents were supplied with a small amount (typically 0.1%) of tetramethylsilane (TMS) as an internal standard for calibrating the chemical shifts of each analyte proton. TMS is a tetrahedral molecule, with all protons being chemically equivalent, giving one single signal, used to define a chemical shift = 0 ppm. It is volatile, making sample recovery easy as well. Modern spectrometers are able to reference spectra based on the residual proton in the solvent (e.g. the CHCl3, 0.01% in 99.99% CDCl3). Deuterated solvents are now commonly supplied without TMS.

Deuterated solvents permit the use of deuterium frequency-field lock (also known as deuterium lock or field lock) to offset the effect of the natural drift of the NMR's magnetic field B 0 {\displaystyle B_{0}} . In order to provide deuterium lock, the NMR constantly monitors the deuterium signal resonance frequency from the solvent and makes changes to the B 0 {\displaystyle B_{0}} to keep the resonance frequency constant. Additionally, the deuterium signal may be used to accurately define 0 ppm as the resonant frequency of the lock solvent and the difference between the lock solvent and 0 ppm (TMS) are well known.

Proton NMR spectra of most organic compounds are characterized by chemical shifts in the range +14 to -4 ppm and by spin-spin coupling between protons. The integration curve for each proton reflects the abundance of the individual protons.

Simple molecules have simple spectra. The spectrum of ethyl chloride consists of a triplet at 1.5 ppm and a quartet at 3.5 ppm in a 3:2 ratio. The spectrum of benzene consists of a single peak at 7.2 ppm due to the diamagnetic ring current.

Together with carbon-13 NMR, proton NMR is a powerful tool for molecular structure characterization.

INFO: Full form for CFM is Creates Forward Motion in Physics Related category
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INFO: Full form for MCU is Microcontroller Unit in Physics Related category
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In Bayesian statistics, a maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) estimate is an estimate of an unknown quantity, that equals the mode of the posterior distribution. The MAP can be used to obtain a point estimate of an unobserved quantity on the basis of empirical data. It is closely related to the method of maximum likelihood (ML) estimation, but employs an augmented optimization objective which incorporates a prior distribution (that quantifies the additional information available through prior knowledge of a related event) over the quantity one wants to estimate. MAP estimation can therefore be seen as a regularization of maximum likelihood estimation.