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API: Application Programming Interface

The full form of API is Application Programming Interface. In computer programming, an application programming interface (API) is a set of subroutine definitions, communication protocols, and tools for creating software. In general terms, it is a set of clearly defined methods of communication between different components.

A good API makes it easy to develop computer programs by providing all the building blocks, which are then put together by the programmer. API can be of a web-based system, operating system, database system, computer hardware, or software library.

Uses

• It specifies a set of tasks and routines that help to accomplish a task.
• It can be used in software library and software framework.
• This could be implemented on the protocol.
• Languages ​​that run on virtual machines can share APIs.
• APIs show how to make an object work in an object-oriented language.

Other full forms of API

CMS: Content Management System

The full form of CMS is Content Management System. It is a computer application that helps you create a website. Content Management System (CMS) is software that helps users create, manage, and modify content on a website without the need for specialized technical knowledge. In simpler language, a content management system is a tool that helps you build a website without needing to write all the code from scratch (or even know how to code at all). In the earlier days, a mean user or a little company had to use static HTML sites because they might not afford a content management system (CMS) which might cost many thousands of dollars. Nowadays many open-source CMS is available free for anyone to use even for commercial purpose.

Advantages of using CMS

• It allows multiple users.
• It streamlines scheduling.
• It improves site maintenance.
• It’s simple and easy to make changes to website design.
• It helps you manage digital content.
• There are many CMSs available for free such as wordpress.

Some web-based CMS

• WordPress
• Drupal
• Joomla
• Wix
• Shopify ( eCommerce)
• TYPO3 CMS
• Squarespace
• Weebly
• M-Files
• ExpressionEngine
• SilverStripe
• Alfresco
• TYPOlight

Other full forms of CMS

Table of Contents

1. LAN Full Form
   1. Brief History
2. Other full forms of LAN

LAN Full Form

The full form of LAN is “Local Area Network“. A LAN is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory, university campus or office building. Ethernet and Wi-Fi are the two most common technologies used for local area networks. A traditional LAN is typically some form of NAT (Network Address Translation) which allows a single public or routable address to be shared by many devices behind the NAT device. It includes a switch and clients or devices that communicate which each other over a single broadcast domain.

The increasing demand and use of computers in universities and research laboratories in the late 1960s created a need for computer systems to provide high-speed interconnects. A 1970 report from the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory detailing the development of their “Octopus” network gave a good indication of the situation. Several experimental and early commercial LAN technologies were developed in the 1970s. Ethernet was developed at Xerox PARC between 1973 and 1974.

Other full forms of LAN

WIFI: Wireless Fidelity

The full form of WIFI is “Wireless Fidelity“. It is a wireless local area technology that provides a standard way to connect to wireless networks. Wireless Fidelity (WIFI) is a family of wireless network technologies, based on the IEEE 802.11 family of standards. Wi-Fi is a trademark of the non-profit Wi-Fi Alliance, which restricts the use of the term Wi-Fi Certified to products that successfully complete interoperability certification tests. This article is not just about the full form of WIFI, but much more than that.

In fact, Wi-Fi is not an acronym its a trademarked brand name for products using the IEEE 802.11 standards. A common misconception is that the term Wi-Fi is short for “wireless fidelity.” This is not the case. This false notion has spread to such an extent that even industry leaders have included the phrase wireless fidelity in a press release. The current confusion seems to stem from a brief period early in the days of the Wi-Fi Alliance when a regrettable tag line was added that stated, ‘The Standard for Wireless Fidelity.’

To connect to a Wi-Fi network, a user usually needs the network name (the SSID) and a password. The password is used to encrypt Wi-Fi packets to block interceptors. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is designed to protect information that moves through Wi-Fi networks. You can use Wi-Fi to create an access point within the range of 20 meters (66 feet). It is potentially more vulnerable to attacks than wired networks because anyone within range of a network can try to access it with a wireless network interface controller.

Other full forms of WIFI

VSS: Volume Shadow Copy Service

The full form of VSS is Volume Shadow Copy Service. It is also known as Volume Snapshot Service. It is a technology developed by Microsoft included in MS Windows that can create backup copies or snapshots of computer files or volumes, even when they are in use. The technology requires the use of the New Technology File System (NTFS) for creating and storing the shadow copies. Volume Shadow Copy Service (VSS) was first introduced in Windows XP, and shadow copies can be created on local or external volumes. VSS works stand-alone within the OS; for example, starting with Windows Server 2003, it is used to create incremental backups of a volume. In Windows Server 2008, a disk-shadow utility was added to allow VSS operations to be scripted.

Other full forms of VSS

VIRUS: Vital Information Resources Under Seize

The full form of VIRUS is “Vital Information Resources Under Seize“. This virus is different from the biological virus. Basically it is a code or a computer program that can load your computer by itself. It affects the computer without the user’s knowledge. Like biological viruses, this virus also has the ability to replicate itself and affect the entire system. Computer viruses cause damage to billions of dollars every year due to system failures, wasted computer resources, data corruption, increased maintenance costs or theft of personal information. This article is not only about the full form of virus, but much more than that.

Viruses are man-made programs that generally write to access private information, corrupt data, to show humorous and political messages on the user’s screen. They are integrated into host programs and spread when infected programs are run. It has the ability to affect data files, hard drive, computer speed and more after replication is successful. One of the most likely systems is the systems that run on Windows OS. To combat viruses, programmers created antivirus programs. Modern antivirus software can protect users from malicious browser help objects (BHOs), browser hijackers, ransomware, keyloggers, backdoors, rootkits, Trojans, worms, malicious LSPs, fraud tools, adware, and spyware.

History

• In the early 1970s, The Creeper virus was the first virus detected in ARPANET, the precursor of the Internet. Creeper was an experimental program for automatic replication, written by Bob Thomas in BBN Technologies in 1971.
• In 1982, a program called “Elk Cloner” was the first personal computer virus to appear “in the wild”, that is, outside the single computer or computer lab where it was created.
• In 1984, Fred Cohen of the University of Southern California wrote his article “Computer viruses: theory and experiments.” It was the first article to explicitly call a self-replicating program “virus”, a term introduced by Cohen’s mentor, Leonard Adleman.
• The first IBM PC virus “in the wild” was a boot sector virus called c) Brain, created in 1986 by the Farooq Alvi Brothers in Lahore, Pakistan.
• WinVir, the first virus specifically targeting Microsoft Windows, was discovered in April 1992, two years after the release of Windows 3.0.
• In February 1996, the Australian hackers of the VLAD virus creation team created the Bizatch virus (also known as the “Boza” virus), which was the first virus known to affect Windows 95.
• At the end of 1997, Cabanas, the first known virus directed to Windows NT, was launched.
• ILOVEYOU is considered one of the most virulent computer viruses ever created. That managed to wreak havoc on computer systems around the world, with around $10 billion in damage.

VFX: Visual Effects

The full form of VFX is “Visual Effects“. It is the term used to describe any image created, altered, or enhanced for a film or other moving media that cannot be shot while recording in live-action. VFX is flexible as it can be used to create a wide variety of video creation from live footage visuals, altered videos, and computer-generated imageries. In VFX, the most commonly used tool is a green screen, which is a background used behind the actor that can be easily removed after creating the necessary images. Visual Effects (VFX) is different from computer-generated images (CGI), which is a computer graphics application (image software) that allows you to create images, characters and video games that seem real.

Much of the art of visual effects occur in post-production after the completion of primary image capture. Basically anything difficult to film then filmmakers use visual effects to do it. For example, it is impossible to film aliens that attack the Earth, so filmmakers use visual effects for all alien creatures to destroy the city. This is a very obvious example of visual effects. Although most visual effects works are completed during postproduction, they should generally be carefully planned and choreographed in preproduction and production. Visual effects are different from special effects because visual effects require a computer and are added after capture. Special effects or SFX have performed onset: they are deliberate and controlled explosions, gunshot wounds, etc.

VDU: Visual Display Unit

The full form of VDU is “Visual Display Unit“. It’s is also called as Video Display Unit (VDU). The term VDU is often used interchangeably with “monitor” but it can also refer to another type of screen, such as a digital projector. The Visual Display Unit (VDU) is a device with a screen that displays characters or graphics generated by a computer or other electronic device. VDUs can be peripheral devices or can be integrated with other components. For example, the Apple iMac uses a multifunctional design, in which the screen and the computer are incorporated into a single unit. A VDU consists of a display device and keyboard and can also include a mouse. In the USA, it is sometimes called a video display terminal (VDT). It is most commonly used to describe the CRT monitor, a now archaic standard that has been replaced by panel displays. A flat screen monitor and a projector are examples of VDU.

Other full forms of VDU

RFID: Radio-frequency identification

The full form of RFID is “Radio-frequency identification“. It is a form of wireless communication that incorporates the use of electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency part of the electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an object, animal or person. When activated by an electromagnetic interrogation pulse from a nearby RFID reader device, the tag transmits digital data, usually an inventory identification number, to the reader. RFID is one method of automatic identification and data capture (AIDC).

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) actually works by emitting radio waves. RFID is of two types, one is active and the other is passive. It is used in many sectors for security reasons, such as shopping centers, 5-star hotels, toll plazas, military camps, medical care, manufacturing, inventory management, shipping, retail sales and domestic or home use.

The full form of RAM and ROM is Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read-Only Memory (ROM) respectively.

RAM: Random Access Memory

Random-access memory (RAM) is a form of computer memory that can be read and changed in any order, typically used to store working data and machine code. RAM is the main memory in a computer, and it is much faster to read from and write to than other kinds of storage, such as a hard disk drive (HDD), solid-state drive (SSD) or optical drive. A random-access memory device allows data items to be read or written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the physical location of data inside the memory.

Random Access Memory is volatile. That means data is retained in RAM as long as the computer is on, but it is lost when the computer is turned off. Because of its volatility, RAM can’t store permanent data. RAM can be compared to a person’s short-term memory, and a hard disk drive to a person’s long-term memory. Short-term memory is focused on immediate work, but it can only keep a limited number of facts in view at any one time.

Additional RAM allows a computer to work with more information at the same time, which usually has a considerable effect on total system performance. Some popular manufacturers of RAM include Kingston, PNY, Crucial, and CORSAIR.

The advantages of RAM are as follows −

• High speed
• Temporary memory (volatile)
• Faster than secondary storage
• Fastest type of memory in a computer.
• Consumes less power compared to disk drives hence increasing battery life.

ROM: Read-Only Memory

Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices meant for permanent storage. Data stored in ROM cannot be electronically modified after the manufacture of the memory device. Read-only memory is useful for storing software that is rarely changed during the life of the system, sometimes known as firmware. ROM is meant for permanent storage and does not require a constant source of power to retain the information stored on it.

Because ROM is read-only, it cannot be changed; it is permanent and non-volatile, meaning it also holds its memory even when power is removed. By contrast, RAM is volatile; it is lost when power is removed. ROM chips are not only used in the computer but also in other electronic items like washing machine and microwave oven.

The advantages of ROM are as follows −

• ROM is non-volatile.
• ROM is cheaper than RAM.
• ROM stores data permanently.
• The circuits of ROM are simple.
• ROM is more reliable than RAM.
• ROM is secure data storage.
• They are static and do not need refreshing.
• ROM is available in a longer size as compared to RAM.
• ROM is easy to the interface than RAM.
• There is an ease of speed and design.
• The function of the ROM can be modified easily.
• ROM starts up the computer and loads the operating system.
• ROM is sustained by a small long-life battery.

Other full forms of RAM & ROM

PNG: Portable Network Graphics

The full form of PNG is Portable Network Graphics. It is a format for storing bitmap (raster) images on the computer. The Portable Network Graphics (PNG) format was developed in early 1995. The main reason behind its development was the limitation of only 256 colors in GIF. so it is known as a successor to GIF images. PNG is an image format that employs lossless data compression of raster images. It uses the least compression technique to save images as a GIF file, but without copyright issues. It contains a bitmap of indexed colors, so it is also called a bitmap image. PNG supports palette-based images, grayscale images, and full-color non-palette-based RGB or RGBA images. The PNG file uses the .png/.PNG file extension and is given the MIME image/png media type. The JPG/JPEG format can produce a smaller file than PNG for photographic images since JPEG uses a lossy encoding method. Following is an example of a PNG image with PNG full form.

Other full forms of PNG

OS: Operating System

The full form of OS is Operating System. It is system software that provide an interface between user and machine i.e. computer, mobile or any device which has electronic components. OS is a mediator which helps the user to communicate with the hardware. The operating system (OS) is the most important type of system software in a computer system. Without an operating system, a user cannot run an application program on their computer, smartphone unless the application program is self-booting. There is more the 1200 operating system. But mainly categorized into two categories:

• Windows-based Operating System is developed by Microsoft (MS)
• Unix based Operating System that is open source

Familiar desktop/PC operating systems include MS Windows, Apple macOS, Google Chrome OS, and Linux. The main operating systems for smartphones are Apple’s iOS and Google’s Android. Other devices, such as the Wi-Fi router, can run “embedded operating systems.” These are specialized operating systems with fewer features than a typical operating system, designed specifically for a single task, such as running a Wi-Fi router, providing GPS navigation, or operating an ATM. An OS provides three essential features: it offers a user interface through a CLI or GUI; launches and manages the execution of applications; and identifies and exposes the system hardware resources for these applications, generally through a standardized API.

Other full forms of OS

OMR: Optical Mark Recognition

The full form of OMR is Optical Mark Recognition. OMR is the process of reading human-marked data from documents such as surveys and tests. OMR recognizes the mark made by a human on any document or documents used in examination, survey etc. or specially printed letters. It is commonly used where a large number of applicants apply and the data has to be processed quickly and with precision. Data from the document is read from the OMR reader. The data sheet is scanned through a scanner that flashes a beam of light on the form paper and detects areas of limited light transmittance i.e.; As marked areas they reflect less light than empty areas. It gives less than 1% error.

• The first Mark Sense scanner was the IBM 805 test scoring machine. It read the mark by sensing the electrical conductivity of the graphite pencil lead using a pair of wire brushes that scanned the page.
• In the 1930s, Richard Warren at IBM opted for optical marking for test scoring Sense system.
• The first successful optical mark-sense scanner was developed by Everett Franklin Lindquist
• During the same period, IBM launched a successful optical mark-sense test. Also developed scoring machine, IBM commercialized it as IBM 1230 optical mark scoring reader in 1962.

• Examination
• Survey
• Evaluation and Response Form
• Election
• Lottery
• Banking And insurance applications

• The user cannot collect large numbers of text because it complicates the data.
• Data can be missed in large text.
• Only in multiple choice queries Applicable.

Other full forms of OMR

• Omani Rial
• Old Mahabalipuram Road
• Optical Mark Reader
• Oradea Airport
• Optical Music Recognition
• Outermost Regions
• Ontario Medical Review
• Office of Mental Retardation
• Old Man Racing
• Olchak Market Research
• One More Round
• Oh My Ra
• Optical Music Recognizer
• Orbea Monocoque Race
• Online Membership Reporting

MMS: Multimedia Messaging Service

The full form of MMS is “Multimedia Messaging Service“. It is an improved version of SMS (Short Message Service), created using the same technology as SMS to allow SMS users to send multimedia content. The multimedia messaging service (MMS) is a standard way of sending messages that include multimedia content to and from a cell phone over a cellular network. Users and providers can refer to such a message such as a PXT, a picture message or a multimedia message.

MMS is a communication technology developed by 3GPP (Third Generation Association Project). MMS defines a way to send and receive wireless messages almost instantly that include images, audio and video clips, as well as text. Unlike SMS, MMS messages do not have a standard limit. Although its maximum size depends on the operator and the device that receives the message, 300 KB is often known as the largest size that most operators will handle safely. The first MMS compatible phones were launched around 2002, and it is believed that the Sony Ericsson T68i is the first MMS compatible phone.

Other full forms of MMS

LED: Light Emitting Diode

The full form of LED is Light Emitting Diode. LED is a semiconductor light source. Light Emitting Diode (LED) emits light when current flows through it. LED is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a very important electronic device as it is used in a lot of electrical and electronic devices nowadays. It is mostly used in electronic test instruments, televisions, calculators, clocks, radios etc. LED has proved to be a revolutionary product in the field of light source. It is about 80% energy efficient compared to traditional light bulbs and fluorescent light sources.

LCD: Liquid Crystal Display

The full form of LCD is Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is a flat-panel display and uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly, instead of using a backlight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome. Liquid crystals were discovered in 1888. LCD is an electronically modified optical device made up of sections filled with liquid crystals. The Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) uses liquid crystals and polarized light to display images. When the electric current is applied to the LCD TV, there is a large bright light that shines towards the viewer. This creates millions of pixels that produce images.

Other full forms of LED and LCD

LASER: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

The full form of LASER is Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. It is an electronic device that produces light, actually an electromagnetic radiation. This electromagnetic radiation is done through optical amplification. It is used to manufacture a wide range of electronic devices including CD ROMs, bar code readers, etc. The light emitted by these devices is thin and consistent.

The first theoretical basis of the laser was given by Albert Einstein in 1917 but the first laser was made in 1960 by Theodore H Maiman in the Hughes laboratory. It was based on the theory given by Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow.

Laser is also used in many surgical procedures such as LASIK eye surgery. In construction, lasers are used for cutting, engraving, drilling, and marking a wide range of materials. There are many applications for laser technology, including the following:

• Used in CD and DVD ROMs.
• Used in barcode scanners.
• Used in integral parts of nuclear fusion reactors.
• Used in a wide variety of equipment namely cutting, drilling, surface treatment, soldering, welding equipment.
• Used in medical devices i.e. dental, surgical, cosmetic Treatment equipment.
• Used in laser printing machines.
• Used in military equipment i.e. anti-missile devices.
• Holographic imaging
• Laser spectroscopy

• Gas lasers
• Chemical lasers
• Dye lasers
• Metal-vapor lasers
• Solid-state lasers
• Semiconductor laser
• Free electron laser
• Gas dynamic laser
• Gamma-ray laser
• Gravity laser

IT: Information Technology

In the context of computers, the full form of IT is Information Technology. Information technology (IT) refers to the use of computer technology for information management. The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. IT uses electronic computers and computer software to securely store, process, convert, protect, transmit and retrieve information. In an organization or company, it includes all physical hardware, operating systems, databases, storage and servers etc. It does not refer to your personal computer or home computing and networking.

Importance of Information Technology (IT)

Information technology helps to build and grow the commerce and business sector and generate maximum possible output. The time taken by different sectors to generate business is now minimized with an advancement in Information technology. It provides electronic security, storage, and efficient communication. Let’s take a look at the needs that current and future IT specialists will be working on:

• Data Overload – Businesses must process large amounts of data. It requires great processing power, sophisticated software, and human analytical skills.
• Mobile and Wireless Uses – More and more employers are offering remote work options that require smartphones, tablets, and laptops with wireless access points and roaming capabilities.
• Cloud Services – Most companies no longer operate their own “server farms” to store large amounts of data. Many companies now use cloud services, third-party hosting platforms that save this data.
• Bandwidth for Video Hosting – Video conferencing solutions have become more and more popular, so more network bandwidth is needed to support them sufficiently.

Other full forms of IT

• Income Tax
• Italy
• Italian
• Gartner Group, Inc.
• Immunotherapy
• Indian Thoughts
• I Think
• Information Technology
• Is There ….
• Iced Tea
• International Terrorism
• Individual Therapy
• Intensive Therapy
• Interoperability Testing
• Inhalation Therapy
• Italyanca
• Information Transport

1) IDE: Integrated Development Environment

The full form of IDE is “Integrated Development Environment“. An integrated development environment (IDE) is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development. It combines all the basic tools that developers need to write or test software. This type of environment allows an application developer to write code while compiling, debugging and executing it at the same place. It can be a standalone application or a part of one or more compatible applications.

Integrated development environments (IDE) are designed to maximize programmer productivity by providing tight-knit components with similar user interfaces. It is a programming environment that contains a lot of things in a single package i.e. code editor, compiler, debugger and what you see is what you get (WYCIWYG). An IDE normally consists of at least a source code editor, build automation tools and a debugger. Some IDEs, such as NetBeans and Eclipse, contain the necessary compiler, interpreter, or both; others, such as SharpDevelop and Lazarus, do not.

2) IDE: Integrated Drive Electronics

Another full form of IDE is Integrated Drive Electronics. Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) is a standard interface for connecting a motherboard to storage devices such as hard drives and CD-ROM/ DVD Drives etc. IDE is different from SCSI and ESDI as its controllers are on each drive which allows drivers to directly connect to the controller or motherboard. The original IDE had a 16-bit interface that connected two devices to a single-ribbon cable. This cost-effective IDE device carried its own circuitry and included an integrated disk drive controller. Prior to IDE, controllers were separate external devices. IDE is also known as Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) or intelligent drive electronics (IDE).

Other Full Forms of IDE

HTC: High Tech Computer

The full form of HTC is High Tech Computer. It is a consumer electronics company headquartered in Xindian District, New Taipei City, Taiwan. High Tech Computer (HTC) company is best known for manufacturing smartphones and tablets. It was founded in 1997 by “Cher Wang”, Initially a manufacturer of notebook computers. HTC’s smartphones are based on the android and windows operating system. It also makes PDA’s. HTC had produced the first-ever Android smartphone in the market named HTC dream. Initially, HTC was successful as a smartphone vendor but competition from Apple Inc., Samsung Electronics and other smartphone manufacturers, diluted its market share and the company has experienced consecutive net losses. As of April 2020, Cher Wang is the Chairperson, Yves Maitre is the CEO and Peter Chou is the Vice Chairman of HTC.

Other full forms of HTC

GUI: Graphical User Interface

The full form of GUI is “Graphical User Interface“. A graphical user interface (GUI) is a computer program that allows a person to communicate with a computer through the use of symbols, icons, menus, visual metaphors, pointing devices and other representations of visual indicators (graphics) to display information and controls related user interface, unlike text-based interfaces, where data and commands are in text. Best known for its implementation in the Macintosh operating system of Apple Inc. and Windows, of Microsoft Corporation, the GUI replaced the difficult textual interfaces of previous computing with a relatively intuitive system that made the operation of the computer not only Easier to learn, but also more natural and enjoyable.

GUIs were introduced in response to the perceived steep learning curve of command-line interfaces (CLIs), which require that commands be entered on a computer keyboard. The GUI is now the standard interface of the computer and its components have become unmistakable cultural artifacts. GUI representations are manipulated by a pointing device, such as a mouse, trackball, pen or fingers on the touch screen.

Other full forms of GUI

GPS: Global Positioning System

The full form of GPS is Global Positioning System. The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally NAVSTAR GPS, is a satellite-based radio navigation system owned by the United States of America (USA) and operated by the United States Air Force.

Originally designed to assist soldiers and military vehicles, it is now freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver. Since ancient times, humans have looked into the sky to find their way. Ancient sailors used star in the night sky to find out where they were and where they were going.

Today, we can all know where we are in this world with the help of a small GPS. But we still need objects high in the sky to find out where we are and how we can go to other places.

Today instead of stars, we use satellites. The 29 navigation satellites are moving high above the earth. These satellites can tell us exactly where we are, 24 of these 29 satellites are operational while 5 are additional. These satellites orbit the Earth in 6 different orbits and complete a round around the Earth in 12 hours.

This is the main use of GPS. For hiking time and trekking enthusiasts GPS has many benefits. Suppose you are traveling on foot with your friends and you are separated, then GPS can help you locate each other’s location.

If you are going on a road trip or traveling to a place you are not familiar with, GPS can help you arrive at your destination safely and the best route to get to your destination or may show a shortcut.

The United States was the first country to adopt GPS in its military. GPS has since been adopted by many military forces worldwide. Other countries have also decided to develop their satellite navigation network as a defense mechanism in wartime. It can be used to map the location of vehicles and other machinery such as a missile during combat. India has also developed its own GPS system called the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS).

Most modern aircraft use GPS receivers. It is used to provide the real-time and status of the aircraft to the pilot and passenger. They also provide a map of various destinations depending on where the aircraft operates. GPS is used to track the aircraft and direct the pilot to that position. It is also used to know where to change on weather conditions or any other issue.

The captain of the boat needs a highly accurate navigation app so that they can navigate through the water to their destination. GPS applications ensure that the channels are clear and that there are no further obstacles that can interfere with their navigation.

This application is used to decide which route is the fastest, safest and most fuel efficient for a destination. Most users of this technology are taxi services, emergency vehicles, cargo services, public transport monitoring. Many surrey owners also use the app, and most new car models come with GPS.

Many departments of science (eg: biology and earth sciences) use GPS apps intensively. Prior to the invention of GPS, scientists used metal and plastic bands to tag animals and observe them at various locations while monitoring them. However, since the invention and enhancement of the navigation app, it helps the scientist to fit on the collar of the animal and the app can automatically record the movement of the animal and the information is transmitted to the researcher via satellite.

This means that they can find the location of animals without physically locating them. Most sciences taught in schools will have more practical evidence because GPS provides accurate data.

Other full forms of GPS

GPRS: General Packet Radio Service

The full form of GPRS is General Packet Radio Service. It is a packet-oriented wireless mobile data service on the 2G and 3G cellular communication systems. It is a non-voice, high-speed packet switching technology intended for GSM networks. GPRS supports Internet Protocol (IP) and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). It is based on a modulation technique called Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK). To enable GPRS on a GSM or TDMA network, we are required to add two core modules: the Gateway GPRS Service Node (GGSN) and the Serving GPRS Service Node (SGSN). General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) was one among the most popular data access models in Asia and Europe. Later it was adopted by some of the carrier network giants like Rogers and Tmobile in Canada and the USA. With the advancement of technology, the faster versions of 3G and 4Gs were introduced.

Other full forms of GPRS

GIS: Geographic Information System

The full form of GIS is “Geographic Information System“. It is a structure designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage and present spatial or geographical data. Rooted in the science of geography, GIS integrates many types of data. Analyze the spatial location and organize layers of information in visualizations using maps and 3D scenes. With this unique feature, GIS is a valuable tool for viewing spatial data or creating decision support systems for an organization. GIS (more commonly GIScience) sometimes refers to the science of geographic information (GIScience), the science that underlies geographical concepts, applications and systems.

Since the mid-1980s, geographic information systems (GIS) have become a valuable tool used to support a variety of regional and urban planning functions. Geospatial data can be analyzed to determine (1) the location of resources and the relationship of a resource with other resources, (2) where the largest and/or smallest resource exists, (3) the density of resources in a certain space, (4) what happens within an area of interest (AOI), (5) what happens near some characteristic or phenomenon, and (6) and how a specific area has changed over time (and in what way).

Other full forms of GIS

GB: GigaByte

The full form of GB is “GigaByte“. It is a unit used for digital information. It is a multiple of byte. The prefix giga means 109 in the International System of Units (SI). Therefore, one gigabyte (GB) is one billion bytes. This unit is used in places of science, engineering, business, computing, hard ware devices, tape capacities, and data transmission speed. One byte B consists of 8 bits and is equivalent to the unit of octet. There are many other units like MB and KB which are used to define the limit of data. MB stands for Mega Bytes and KB stands for Kilo Bytes.

Other full forms of GB

FAX: Facsimile

The full form of FAX is “Facsimile“. It is usually written and spoken as a fax. facsimile (fax) is a scanned copy of text and images printed on a paper, sent from one part to another through a telephone line connected to a printer or other output device. The device used to send documents electronically through a telephone network is called a fax machine. In the past 75 years, the fax transmission time has been reduced from an average of six minutes to an average of one minute. The classic “fax machine,” which costs $ 20,000 in 1982, has also become obsolete, faxes are replaced by emails.

• 1843-Mechanical fax: Scottish inventor Alexander Bain invented the ‘Electric Printing Telegraph’ machine.
• 1865-Major Improvements: Frederick Bakewell made several improvements to Bain’s design in and demonstrated a fax machine.
• 1880-Scanning PhotoTelegraph: The English inventor Shelford Bidwell built the scanning phototelegraphy, which was the first fax machine to scan any two-dimensional original, without the need to trace or draw manually.
• 1888-TelAutograph: The invention of the Elisha Gray screen-printer marked a new development in fax technology, allowing users to send signatures over long distances.
• 1960-Satellite Fax: The United States Army transmitted the first satellite facsimile photograph from USA to Puerto Rico.
• 1996-Internet Fax: The first Internet fax service is made available to the general public, allowing users to send and receive a fax through a computer without fax machines.

Other full forms of FAX

DTP: Desk-Top Publishing

The acronym DTP stands for Desk-Top Publishing. DTP is the creation of documents using page layout skills on a personal computer/desktop computer, primarily for printing. It is a graphical processing of documents, such as combining and rearranging text and images, and many other built-In functions in the page layout software, to create a printable digital file on a personal computer (PC). It is a publishing software used to create high quality printed material for individuals, companies and organizations. DTP software provides good control over the layout and design of a page compared to the word processor. One of the main features of DTP is the ability to preview the layout of a page before printing. Desktop publishing (DTP) generally requires the use of a personal computer and WYSIWYG page layout software to create documents for large-scale publishing or small-scale multi-functional local peripheral distribution.

Other full forms of DTP

The full form of CD and DVD is Compact Disc (CD) and Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) respectively.

CD: Compact Disc

CD stands for Compact Disc. A Compact Disc (CD) are small plastic discs which store and retrieve computer data or music using light. It is a digital optical disc data storage format that was co-developed by Philips and Sony and released in 1982. Compact Discs replaced floppy disks because they were faster and could hold more information. CDs can hold up to 700 MB worth of data, which is about 80 minutes of music.

Mini CDs were also made for special small programs like drivers. CDs that have computer information on them are called CD-ROMs, or Compact Disc – Read Only Memory. The diameter of a normal CD is 120 mm. The middle hole in a CD is about 1.5 cm. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings (CD-DA) but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). The first commercially available audio CD player, the Sony CDP-101, was released October 1982 in Japan.

DVD: Digital Versatile Disc

DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc. It is a digital optical disc (DVD) storage format invented and developed in 1995 and released in late 1996. The medium can store any kind of digital data and is widely used for software and other computer files as well as video programs watched using DVD players. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions.

It is the same size as a CD, but has a larger storage capacity. The larger capacity formats are not supported by most standalone DVD players, but they can be used with many computer-based DVD drives. A standard DVD can hold 4.7 GB of data, but variations of the original DVD format have greater capacities. For example, a dual-layer DVD (which has two layers of data on a single side of the disc) can store 8.5 GB of data. A dual-sided DVD can store 9.4 GB of data (4.7 x 2). A dual-layer, dual-sided DVD can store 17.1 GB of data.

Some DVDs are formatted specifically for video playback, while others may contain different types of data, such as software programs and computer files. The original “DVD-Video” format was standardized in 1995 by consortium of electronics companies, including Sony, Panasonic, Toshiba, and Philips.

Other full forms of CD & DVD

CCTV: Closed Circuit TeleVision

The full form of CCTV is Closed Circuit Television. It is primarily used for surveillance and security purposes. Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) is a system where the elements like camera, display monitors, recording devices are directly connected. It is used to monitor a sensitive area such as a particular area that needs continuous observation and where there is no one to watch all the time. It is very helpful to prevent crime because it monitors all the activities and record them. It is also used for traffic monitoring by detecting congestion and notice accidents. CCTV uses wired or wireless transmission to send the signals or broadcast to the monitor or recording device. It can transmit video, audio or both. The places where CCTV’s are generally installed are; banks, ATMs, shops and multiplexes, casinos, city roads and highways, building and residential apartments, corporate houses, govt. offices and buildings, airports and railway buildings, industrial plants etc.

Other full forms of CCTV

• China Central Television
• Campzone Community TeleVision
• Command and Control Training Vehicle
• Capital Community Television
• Command and Control Training Vehicle
• Charles Clarkes Todger Visible
• Chittenden Community Television

Table of Contents

1. CAD: Computer Aided Design
2. CAD: Current Account Deficit
3. Other Full Forms of CAD

CAD: Computer Aided Design

The full form of CAD is Computer Aided Design. CAD is software used by the engineers, architects, artists, drafters to make technical illustration in two-dimensional (2D) and in three-dimensional (3D). It is a combination of hardware and software that makes engineer to design everything. Computer Aided Design (CAD) output is often in the form of electronic files for print, machining, or other manufacturing operations. The term CADD (Computer Aided Design and Drafting) is also used. CAD software for mechanical design uses either vector-based graphics to depict the objects of traditional drafting, or may also produce raster graphics showing the overall appearance of designed objects. However, it involves more than just shapes. CAD is an important industrial art extensively used in many applications, including automotive, shipbuilding, and aerospace industries, industrial and architectural design, prosthetics, and many more. CAD is also widely used to produce computer animation for special effects in movies, advertising and technical manuals, often called DCC (Digital Content Creation).

Starting around the mid 1960s, with the IBM Drafting System, computer-aided design systems began to provide more capability than just an ability to reproduce manual drafting with electronic drafting, the cost-benefit for companies to switch to CAD became apparent. The benefits of CAD systems over manual drafting are the capabilities one often takes for granted from computer systems today; automated generation of bills of materials, auto layout in integrated circuits, interference checking, and many others. Earlier until mid 1980s, CAD systems were differently constructed computers but now you can purchase CAD software an can run on your personnel computer (PC).

CAD: Current Account Deficit

In the field of Finance CAD stands for Current Account Deficit. CAD is the shortfall between the money flowing in on exports, and the money flowing out on imports. Current Account Deficit (or Surplus) measures the gap between the money received into and sent out of the country on the trade of goods and services and also the transfer of money from domestically-owned factors of production abroad. The current account deficit (CAD) is a measurement of a country’s trade where the value of the goods and services it imports exceeds the value of the products it exports. The current account includes net income, such as interest and dividends, and transfers, such as foreign aid, although these components make up only a small percentage of the total current account. The current account represents a country’s foreign transactions and, like the capital account, is a component of a country’s balance of payments (BOP).

Other Full Forms of CAD

BIOS: Basic Input Output System

The full form of BIOS is Basic Input Output System. It is also known as System BIOS, ROM BIOS, PC BIOS etc. It is the first software a personal computer’s microprocessor uses to get the computer system started after you turn it on. The Basic Input Output System (BIOS) firmware comes pre-installed on a PC’s system board. This software is usually stored in Read-Only Memory (ROM) and located on the motherboard. In modern computer systems, the BIOS contents are stored in a flash memory.

It is not possible for an operating system to continue without BIOS as it is the BIOS that loads the drivers of the hard disk and primary portions of the operating system like MBR, FAT, GPT etc, into the memory to enable the operating system to continue loading itself. It also manages data flow between the computer’s operating system and attached devices such as the hard disk, video adapter, keyboard, mouse and printer. The name originates from the Basic Input/Output System used in the CP/M operating system in 1975. The term BIOS was invented by Gary Kildall. Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is a successor to the legacy PC BIOS, aiming to address its technical shortcomings.

Other full forms of BIOS

ATM: Automatic Teller Machine

The full form of ATM is Automatic Teller Machine. The machine is a telecommunications controlled and computerized device that provides customers with financial transfer related services, such as cash withdrawal, deposit, money transfer, or account information. The customer does not require the help of cashier, clerk or bank teller in this transfer process. Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) machines can be of two types; One with basic functions where you can withdraw cash and another with more advanced functions where you can deposit cash.

• Withdraw money
• You do not always need to carry cash with you.
• You can check how much money is left in the account.
• ATM provides round the clock banking services to its customers, you can withdraw cash at any time, day or night.
• Withdrawals and deposit slips are not required to withdraw or deposit money.
• Access to a bank from any part of the world: Essential banking services such as deposits, transfer of funds, etc. can be obtained by customers from any part of the world.
• Expansion of services to any corner of the world: Banks can extend their services to any corner of the world by providing electronic access to their customers.
• The ATM is faster than withdrawing cash from the bank, does not have long lines.
• It reduces work pressure on bank employees and avoids long lines in the bank.
• You can withdraw money from ATMs abroad.
• It provides service without fault. The customer can get the exact cash. Human mistakes are unlikely in ATMs.
• Customers do not get dirty or tattered notes from ATMs.
• At most, the ATM provides confidentiality in the customer’s banking transactions.

• If an ATM machine hacks, you can get your details.
• There is a limit of cash withdrawal from ATMs. For example, many banks do not allow withdrawals of more than 50,000 at a time.
• Possibility of misuse of ATM card: ATM card if lost, can be misused. Many such incidents have happened.
• Loss of personal contact with banks: Customers lose personal contact with their bankers.
• The ATM can be offline (system down).
• ATM cash can run out.
• In some banks, the fees charged for using ATMs can be expensive.
• It is very difficult for illiterate people to use it.

Other full forms of ATM