Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Computer and Networking.

INFO: Full form for CCITT is Comite consultatif international telegraphique et telephonique in Computer and Networking category
CCITT also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for CCBS is Completion of Calls to Busy Subscribers in Computer and Networking category
CCBS also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

Constant bitrate (CBR) is a term used in telecommunications, relating to the quality of service. Compare with variable bitrate.

When referring to codecs, constant bit rate encoding means that the rate at which a codec's output data should be consumed is constant. CBR is useful for streaming multimedia content on limited capacity channels since it is the maximum bit rate that matters, not the average, so CBR would be used to take advantage of all of the capacity.

CBR is not optimal for storing data as it may not allocate enough data for complex sections (resulting in degraded quality); and if it maximizes quality for complex sections, it will waste data on simple sections.

The problem of not allocating enough data for complex sections could be solved by choosing a high bitrate to ensure that there will be enough bits for the entire encoding process, though the size of the file at the end would be proportionally larger.

Most coding schemes such as Huffman coding or run-length encoding produce variable-length codes, making perfect CBR difficult to achieve. This is partly solved by varying the quantization (quality), and fully solved by the use of padding. (However, CBR is implied in a simple scheme like reducing all 16-bit audio samples to 8 bits.)

In the case of streaming video as a CBR, the source could be under the CBR data rate target. So in order to complete the stream, it's necessary to add stuffing packets in the stream to reach the data rate wanted. These packets are totally neutral and don't affect the stream.

INFO: Full form for CCT is Channel Check Test in Computer and Networking category
CCT also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for CCT is Consultative Committee - Telecommunications (Trilateral) in Computer and Networking category
CCT also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for CDG is CDMA Development Group in Computer and Networking category
CDG also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for CCSN is Common Channel Signaling Network in Computer and Networking category
CCSN also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for CCSRL is Control Channel Segmentation and Reassembly Layer in Computer and Networking category

INFO: Full form for CDCP is Call Detail Collect Point in Computer and Networking category
CDCP also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for BLERf is Error Free Block Rate in Computer and Networking category

INFO: Full form for BLES is Broadband Loop Emulation Service in Computer and Networking category
BLES also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for BITB is Boulder Industry Test Bed in Computer and Networking category
BITB also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for BLER is Block Error Rates in Computer and Networking category
BLER also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for B-LLI is Broadband Lower Layer Information in Computer and Networking category

INFO: Full form for BME is Block based Motion Estimation in Computer and Networking category
BME also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

In computer science, Backus–Naur form () or Backus normal form (BNF) is a metasyntax notation for context-free grammars, often used to describe the syntax of languages used in computing, such as computer programming languages, document formats, instruction sets and communication protocols. They are applied wherever exact descriptions of languages are needed: for instance, in official language specifications, in manuals, and in textbooks on programming language theory.

Many extensions and variants of the original Backus–Naur notation are used; some are exactly defined, including extended Backus–Naur form (EBNF) and augmented Backus–Naur form (ABNF).

INFO: Full form for B-NT is Broadband Network Termination in Computer and Networking category

INFO: Full form for B-UNI is Broadband User Network Interface in Computer and Networking category

INFO: Full form for BWS is Building Wiring Standard in Computer and Networking category
BWS also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

An interexchange carrier (IXC), in U.S. legal and regulatory terminology, is a telecommunication company, commonly called a long-distance telephone company. It is defined as any carrier that provides services across multiple local access and transport areas (interLATA). Calls made on telephone circuits within the local geographic area covered by one local network are handled only by that intraLATA carrier, commonly called a local telephone exchange carrier. Local calls are usually defined by connections made without additional charge whether the connected call is in the same LATA or connects to another LATA with no charge. IntraLATA usually refers to rated or toll calls between LATA within state boundaries, as opposed to interstate, or calls between LATAs in different states.

INFO: Full form for CAC is Connection Admission Control in Computer and Networking category
CAC also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for C&I is Commands and Indications in Computer and Networking category
C&I also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for B-VOP is Bidirectional Video Object Planes in Computer and Networking category

INFO: Full form for C&S is Control and Signaling (ATM Forum Working Group) in Computer and Networking category
C&S also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for CABAC is Context-based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding in Computer and Networking category
CABAC also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

Automatic message accounting (AMA) provides detailed accounting for telephone calls. When direct distance dialing (DDD) was introduced in the US, message registers no longer sufficed for dialed telephone calls. The need to record the time and phone number of each long-distance call was met by electromechanical data processing equipment.

INFO: Full form for CAGJES is Canadian Advisory Group on Joint Electrical Safety Committee in Computer and Networking category

The Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA), also known as the "Digital Telephony Act," is a United States wiretapping law passed in 1994, during the presidency of Bill Clinton (Pub. L. No. 103-414, 108 Stat. 4279, codified at 47 USC 1001-1010).

CALEA's purpose is to enhance the ability of law enforcement agencies to conduct lawful interception of communication by requiring that telecommunications carriers and manufacturers of telecommunications equipment modify and design their equipment, facilities, and services to ensure that they have built-in capabilities for targeted surveillance, allowing federal agencies to selectively wiretap any telephone traffic; it has since been extended to cover broadband Internet and VoIP traffic. Some government agencies argue that it covers mass surveillance of communications rather than just tapping specific lines and that not all CALEA-based access requires a warrant.

The original reason for adopting CALEA was the Federal Bureau of Investigation's worry that increasing use of digital telephone exchange switches would make tapping phones at the phone company's central office harder and slower to execute, or in some cases impossible. Since the original requirement to add CALEA-compliant interfaces required phone companies to modify or replace hardware and software in their systems, U.S. Congress included funding for a limited time period to cover such network upgrades. CALEA was passed into law on October 25, 1994 and came into force on January 1, 1995.

In the years since CALEA was passed it has been greatly expanded to include all VoIP and broadband Internet traffic. From 2004 to 2007 there was a 62 percent growth in the number of wiretaps performed under CALEA – and more than 3,000 percent growth in interception of Internet data such as email.

By 2007, the FBI had spent $39 million on its Digital Collection System Network (DCSNet) system, which collects, stores, indexes, and analyzes communications data.

INFO: Full form for CANACINTRA is Camara Nacional de la Industria de Transformacion (Mexico) in Computer and Networking category
CANACINTRA also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for CANIECE is Camara Nacional de la Industria Electronica Y de Communicaciones Electricas (Mexico) in Computer and Networking category

INFO: Full form for CASCO is Committee on Conformity Assessment (ISO) in Computer and Networking category
CASCO also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for CATS is Consortium for Audiographics Teleconferencing Standards in Computer and Networking category
CATS also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for CAPCS is Cellular Auxiliary Personal Communications Service in Computer and Networking category

INFO: Full form for CAPI is Common API in Computer and Networking category
CAPI also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for BNTF is Bi-National Task Force in Computer and Networking category

INFO: Full form for CASS is Common Air Satellite Structure in Computer and Networking category
CASS also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

A board of directors is an executive committee that jointly supervise the activities of an organization, which can be either a for-profit or a nonprofit organization such as a business, nonprofit organization, or a government agency.

The powers, duties, and responsibilities of a board of directors are determined by government regulations (including the jurisdiction's corporate law) and the organization's own constitution and by-laws. These authorities may specify the number of members of the board, how they are to be chosen, and how often they are to meet.

In an organization with voting members, the board is accountable to, and may be subordinate to, the organization's full membership, which usually elect the members of the board. In a stock corporation, non-executive directors are elected by the shareholders, and the board has ultimate responsibility for the management of the corporation. In nations with codetermination (such as Germany and Sweden), the workers of a corporation elect a set fraction of the board's members.

The board of directors appoints the chief executive officer of the corporation and sets out the overall strategic direction. In corporations with dispersed ownership, the identification and nomination of directors (that shareholders vote for or against) are often done by the board itself, leading to a high degree of self-perpetuation. In a non-stock corporation with no general voting membership, the board is the supreme governing body of the institution, and its members are sometimes chosen by the board itself.

INFO: Full form for BOMA is Building Owners & Managers Association in Computer and Networking category
BOMA also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for BNTG is Bi-National Task Group in Computer and Networking category

INFO: Full form for BNWG is Bi-National Working Group in Computer and Networking category

INFO: Full form for BONDING is Bandwidth On Demand Interest Group (TR-41) in Computer and Networking category
BONDING also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

Birds of a feather flock together is an English proverb.

Birds of a Feather may also refer to: