Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Computer and Networking.

INFO: Full form for spi is spots per inch in Computer and Networking category
spi also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for SPI is Standard Programmatic Interface in Computer and Networking category
SPI also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

The method of least squares is a standard approach in regression analysis to approximate the solution of overdetermined systems (sets of equations in which there are more equations than unknowns) by minimizing the sum of the squares of the residuals made in the results of every single equation.

The most important application is in data fitting. The best fit in the least-squares sense minimizes the sum of squared residuals (a residual being: the difference between an observed value, and the fitted value provided by a model). When the problem has substantial uncertainties in the independent variable (the x variable), then simple regression and least-squares methods have problems; in such cases, the methodology required for fitting errors-in-variables models may be considered instead of that for least squares.

Least-squares problems fall into two categories: linear or ordinary least squares and nonlinear least squares, depending on whether or not the residuals are linear in all unknowns. The linear least-squares problem occurs in statistical regression analysis; it has a closed-form solution. The nonlinear problem is usually solved by iterative refinement; at each iteration the system is approximated by a linear one, and thus the core calculation is similar in both cases.

Polynomial least squares describes the variance in a prediction of the dependent variable as a function of the independent variable and the deviations from the fitted curve.

When the observations come from an exponential family with identity as its natural sufficiant statistics and mild-conditions are satisfied (e.g. for normal, exponential, Poisson and binomial distributions), standardized least-squares estimates and maximum-likelihood estimates are identical. The method of least squares can also be derived as a method of moments estimator.

The following discussion is mostly presented in terms of linear functions but the use of least squares is valid and practical for more general families of functions. Also, by iteratively applying local quadratic approximation to the likelihood (through the Fisher information), the least-squares method may be used to fit a generalized linear model.

The least-squares method was officially discovered and published by Adrien-Marie Legendre (1805), though it is usually also co-credited to Carl Friedrich Gauss (1795) who contributed significant theoretical advances to the method and may have previously used it in his work.

INFO: Full form for SSI is Signal Strength Indicator in Computer and Networking category
SSI also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

Transport Layer Security (TLS), the successor of the now-deprecated Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), is a cryptographic protocol designed to provide communications security over a computer network. The protocol is widely used in applications such as email, instant messaging, and voice over IP, but its use as the Security layer in HTTPS remains the most publicly visible.

The TLS protocol aims primarily to provide privacy and data integrity between two or more communicating computer applications. It runs in the application layer of the Internet and is itself composed of two layers: the TLS record and the TLS handshake protocols.

TLS is a proposed Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard, first defined in 1999, and the current version is TLS 1.3 defined in August 2018. TLS builds on the earlier SSL specifications (1994, 1995, 1996) developed by Netscape Communications for adding the HTTPS protocol to their Navigator web browser.

INFO: Full form for SVD is Simultaneous Voice Data in Computer and Networking category
SVD also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for TFTP is Trivial File Transfer Protocol (RFC 1350) in Computer and Networking category
TFTP also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for TLD is Third Level Domain in Computer and Networking category
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A telephony service provider, as defined in Microsoft's TAPI specification, is a software interface to a physical telephony device (such as a modem) that can be accessed programmatically to perform actions such as dialing a phone number or logging a call. TSPs can be thought of as a TAPI specific driver for a telephony device.

For example Windows 10 supplies:

INFO: Full form for TTF is Technical Task Force in Computer and Networking category
TTF also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for TWAIN is Scanner Interface API: Technology Without An Interesting Name (MFPI work) in Computer and Networking category
TWAIN also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for UCS is Universal multiple octet coded Character Set in Computer and Networking category
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A remote access service (RAS) is any combination of hardware and software to enable the remote access tools or information that typically reside on a network of IT devices.

A remote access service connects a client to a host computer, known as a remote access server. The most common approach to this service is remote control of a computer by using another device which needs internet or any other network connection.

Here are the connection steps:

Many computer manufacturers and large businesses' help desks use this service widely for technical troubleshooting of their customers' problems. Therefore you can find various professional first-party, third-party, open source, and freeware remote desktop applications. Which some of those are cross-platform across various versions of Windows, macOS, UNIX, and Linux. Remote desktop programs may include LogMeIn or TeamViewer. 

To use RAS from a remote node, a RAS client program is needed, or any PPP client software. Most remote control programs work with RAS. PPP is a set of industry standard framing and authentication protocols that enable remote access.

Microsoft Remote Access Server (RAS) is the predecessor to Microsoft Routing and Remote Access Server (RRAS). RRAS is a Microsoft Windows Server feature that allows Microsoft Windows clients to remotely access a Microsoft Windows network.

INFO: Full form for RDC is Remote Device Control in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for RDS is Requirements Definition Study in Computer and Networking category
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A request for information (RFI) is a common business process whose purpose is to collect written information about the capabilities of various suppliers. Normally it follows a format that can be used for comparative purposes.

An RFI is primarily used to gather information to help make a decision on what steps to take next. RFIs are therefore seldom the final stage and are instead often used in combination with request for proposal (RFP), request for tender (RFT), and request for quotation (RFQ). In addition to gathering basic information, an RFI is often used as a solicitation sent to a broad base of potential suppliers for the purpose of conditioning suppliers' minds, developing strategy, building a database, and preparing for an RFP, RFT, or RFQ.

The ubiquitous availability of the Internet has made many government agencies turn either to state-run or vendor operated websites which provide listings of RFIs as well as RFPs and RFQs. Many allow vendors to sign up at no charge to receive e-mails of requests either generally or for specific categories of product or service for which there is an interest. The entire process may be conducted online and collects responses as scanned documents or Portable Document Format (PDF) files uploaded to the server. Or for legal reasons, a response must be sent in hard copy form and/or on CD/DVD disc or USB flash drive by mail or delivery service.

INFO: Full form for RSA is Public Key Cryptosystem invented by Rivest, Shamir and Adleman in Computer and Networking category
RSA also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for RSA is Rural Service Area in Computer and Networking category
RSA also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.