Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Electronics.

INFO: Full form for WADM is Wavelength Add/drop Multiplexer in Electronics category
WADM also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for DRIVE is Dynamic Resolution Intensive Vector Enhancement in Electronics category
DRIVE also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

S, or s, is the nineteenth letter in the Modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its name in English is ess (pronounced ), plural esses.

INFO: Full form for SECAM is System Essentially Contrary To American Method in Electronics category
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INFO: Full form for AFOS is Advanced Fiber Optic Sensing in Electronics category
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INFO: Full form for DCPB is Data Collection Proto Board in Electronics category
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INFO: Full form for FACT is Fairchild Advanced Cmos Technology in Electronics category
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INFO: Full form for FSDU is Frequency Standard Distribution Unit in Electronics category
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INFO: Full form for ISSE is In-situ Spectroscopic Ellipsometry in Electronics category
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Practical Electronics (previously known as Everyday Practical Electronics) is a UK-published magazine that is available in print or downloadable format.

INFO: Full form for EPOS is Etched and Protected On-slice in Electronics category
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A stand-alone power system (SAPS or SPS), also known as remote area power supply (RAPS), is an off-the-grid electricity system for locations that are not fitted with an electricity distribution system. Typical SAPS include one or more methods of electricity generation, energy storage, and regulation.

Electricity is typically generated by one or more of the following methods:

Storage is typically implemented as a battery bank, but other solutions exist including fuel cells. Power drawn directly from the battery will be direct current extra-low voltage (DC ELV), and this is used especially for lighting as well as for DC appliances. An inverter is used to generate AC low voltage, which more typical appliances can be used with.

Stand-alone photovoltaic power systems are independent of the utility grid and may use solar panels only or may be used in conjunction with a diesel generator, a wind turbine or batteries.

INFO: Full form for ISBL is Inside The Battery Limit in Electronics category
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INFO: Full form for MASH is Multi-stage Noise Shaping in Electronics category
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INFO: Full form for SORS is Sensors On Red Square in Electronics category
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INFO: Full form for LIMS is Laser-induced Mass Spectrometry in Electronics category
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INFO: Full form for PTFE is Polytetrafluorethylene (teflon) in Electronics category
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INFO: Full form for NPF is Normal Power Factor in Electronics category
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INFO: Full form for NPN is Negative-positive-negative Transistor in Electronics category
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INFO: Full form for RSE is Reactive Sputter Etch in Electronics category
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INFO: Full form for RSE is Referenced Single Ended in Electronics category
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INFO: Full form for WPH is Wafers Per Hour in Electronics category
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INFO: Full form for PDM is Power Distribution Management in Electronics category
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An optical power meter (OPM) is a device used to measure the power in an optical signal. The term usually refers to a device for testing average power in fiber optic systems. Other general purpose light power measuring devices are usually called radiometers, photometers, laser power meters (can be photodiode sensors or thermopile laser sensors), light meters or lux meters.

A typical optical power meter consists of a calibrated sensor, measuring amplifier and display.The sensor primarily consists of a photodiode selected for the appropriate range of wavelengths and power levels.On the display unit, the measured optical power and set wavelength is displayed. Power meters are calibrated using a traceable calibration standard.

A traditional optical power meter responds to a broad spectrum of light, however, the calibration is wavelength dependent. This is not normally an issue, since the test wavelength is usually known, however, it has a couple of drawbacks. Firstly, the user must set the meter to the correct test wavelength, and secondly, if there are other spurious wavelengths present, then wrong readings will result.

Optical power meters are available as stand-alone bench or handheld instruments or combined with other test functions such as an Optical Light Source (OLS), Visual Fault Locator (VFL), or as sub-system in a larger or modular instrument. Commonly, a power meter on its own is used to measure absolute optical power, or used with a matched light source to measure loss.

When combined with a light source, the instrument is called an Optical Loss Test Set, or OLTS, typically used to measure optical power and end-to-end optical loss. More advanced OLTS may incorporate two or more power meters, and so can measure Optical Return Loss. GR-198, Generic Requirements for Hand-Held Stabilized Light Sources, Optical Power Meters, Reflectance Meters, and Optical Loss Test Sets, discusses OLTS equipment in depth.

Alternatively, an Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) can measure optical link loss if its markers are set at the terminus points for which the fiber loss is desired. However, this is an indirect measurement. A single-direction measurement may quite inaccurate if there are multiple fibers in a link, since the back-scatter coefficient is variable between fibers. Accuracy can be increased if a bidirectional average is made. GR-196, Generic Requirements for Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) Type Equipment, discusses OTDR equipment in depth.

INFO: Full form for SSM is Strategic Sourcing Methodology in Electronics category
SSM also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for SSM is Spectrum Surveillance Monitor in Electronics category
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INFO: Full form for LBM is Linear Bit Map Image Format in Electronics category
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INFO: Full form for MASM is Modeling and Analysis of Semiconductor Manufacturing in Electronics category
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A Bus Functional Model or BFM (also known as a Transaction Verification Model or TVM) is a non-synthesizable software model of an integrated circuit component having one or more external buses. The emphasis of the model is on simulating system bus transactions prior to building and testing the actual hardware. BFMs are usually defined as tasks in Hardware description languages (HDLs), which apply stimuli to the design under verification via complex waveforms and protocols. A BFM is typically implemented using hardware description languages such as Verilog, VHDL, SystemC, or SystemVerilog.

Typically, BFMs offer a two-sided interface: One interface side drives and samples low-level signals according to the bus protocol. On its other side, tasks are available to create and respond to bus transactions. BFMs are often used as reusable building blocks to create simulation test benches, in which the bus interface ports of a design under test are connected to appropriate BFMs.

Another common application of BFMs is the provision of substitute models for IP components: Instead of a netlist or RTL design of an IP component, a 3rd party IP supplier might provide only a BFM suitable for verification purposes. The actual IP component in the form of a gate-level netlist can be directly provided to the foundry by the IP provider.

In the past, BFM were treated as a non-synthesizable entity, however recently BFMs are becoming available as synthesizable models as well.

INFO: Full form for LPM is Laser Power Meter in Electronics category
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INFO: Full form for AIM is Adaptive Ion Milling in Electronics category
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